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The critical role that awareness deficits play in contributing to rehabilitation outcome and independent functioning of brain injured adults is readily acknowledged by rehabilitation professionals. However, there are inconsistenci...
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The critical role that awareness deficits play in contributing to rehabilitation outcome and independent functioning of brain injured adults is readily acknowledged by rehabilitation professionals. However, there are inconsistencies in the scope of what is included within the concept of awareness and the way in which it is measured within the literature. A comprehensive model of awareness is needed to guide the development of measurement tools and interventions. This paper expands upon concepts originally proposed by Crosson and colleagues [12] and proposes a comprehensive model of awareness that integrates parallel themes in cognitive psychology, social psychology and neuropsychology. It argues that a hierarchical view of awareness does not capture the complexities and subtleties of awareness symptoms and proposes a dynamic relationship between knowledge, beliefs, task demands and context of a situation. A distinction between knowledge and awareness, that one has prior to a task, and that, which is activated during task performance, is emphasized. Suggestions for expanding assessment and intervention methodology are derived from the perspective of research within the areas of metacognition and self-efficacy.
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Abstract Background To understand and care for men who self‐harm, it is important that healthcare professionals have understanding of how and why men self‐harm, men's experiences of self‐harm and what can be done to hinder or p...
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Abstract Background To understand and care for men who self‐harm, it is important that healthcare professionals have understanding of how and why men self‐harm, men's experiences of self‐harm and what can be done to hinder or prevent self‐harm. Aims The aim of this study was to synthesize the existing knowledge on men who self‐harm, with a special emphasis on background, self‐harming methods, experiences and reported therapeutic interventions and/or care approaches. Design Scoping review of internationally published and grey literature, based on a methodological framework by Arksey and O’Malley. Data sources Systematic electronic database searches were conducted in CINAHL, MEDLINE (Ovid) and PsycINFO. From a total of 684?studies found, 24?studies met the inclusion criteria: full‐text, published in English, peer‐reviewed studies and grey literature including a focus on men who self‐harm, men aged between 18 and 65?years, and published between 2010 and 2019. Results Men's self‐harm was understood as being related to mental disorders, a means of affect regulation, a loss of self‐control, and a means of interpersonal communication. Self‐harm can be a positive or negative experience, and there is a wide variety in the methods that men use to self‐harm: sharp objects, injection, ingestion, without aids or riskful behaviour. Few studies reported on therapeutic interventions and/or care approaches for men who self‐harm. Conclusion Men's self‐harm should be understood as a complex, socially and culturally conditioned phenomenon and studied from a multitude of perspectives. Impact This scoping review concludes that self‐harm among men should be understood as a complex, socially and culturally conditioned phenomenon. To empower men and support their recovery from self‐harm, a person‐centred approach should be incorporated into research on the subject and practice.
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The individual self comprise unique attributes, the relational self comprises partner-shared attributes, and the collective self comprises ingroup-shared attributes. All selves are fundamental components of the self-concept, with ...
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The individual self comprise unique attributes, the relational self comprises partner-shared attributes, and the collective self comprises ingroup-shared attributes. All selves are fundamental components of the self-concept, with each being important and meaningful to human experience and with each being associated with health benefits. Are the selves, however, equally important and meaningful? We review a program of research that tested four competing theoretical views suggesting that the motivational hub of human experience is (a) the individual self, (b) the relational self, (b) the collective self, or (c) determined by contextual or cultural factors. The research furnished support to the view that the individual self is the primary form of self-definition. We discuss alternative explanations and implications. We end with the introduction of a theoretical model, the boomerang model, that has the potential to integrate the diverse literature on the topic.
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The study examines the effects of self efficacy, self esteem and gender on performances in speaking tasks among first year university students. It also analyzes correlations of and gender differences in the variables treated. In t...
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The study examines the effects of self efficacy, self esteem and gender on performances in speaking tasks among first year university students. It also analyzes correlations of and gender differences in the variables treated. In this study, 128 participants, who had been interested to participate, were included. To gather data, scales and tests were used. Both descriptive and inferential statistics, namely, t-test, Pearson product moment correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analyses were applied to analyze the data. The results reveal that male students surpass female students in all the variables treated. It also is evident that all the variables are interrelated positively. Moreover, the output of the first multiple regression analysis show that 55% of the variances in speaking performance is accounted for by the group effects of the independent variables entered in the regression equation. Among these, speaking self-esteem and speaking efficacy were found to have great effects on performance in speaking tasks. Such findings seem to make clearer that attention needs to be paid to the determinants of speaking performance.
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Abstract Objective There is a paucity of longitudinal research on predictors of disclosures of nonsuicidal self‐injury (NSSI) among emerging adults. However, understanding the factors that facilitate disclosure is critical, as di...
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Abstract Objective There is a paucity of longitudinal research on predictors of disclosures of nonsuicidal self‐injury (NSSI) among emerging adults. However, understanding the factors that facilitate disclosure is critical, as disclosure may serve as a first step in accessing care. To address this gap, the present study examined predictors of prospective NSSI disclosures in a postsecondary student sample. Methods A total of 475 university students with a history of NSSI (Mage?=?17.96; 74.9% women) reported on several potential predictors of NSSI disclosure, and their disclosure history at baseline and 4‐ and 8‐month follow‐ups. Results It was found that 22% of students reported disclosing NSSI during the first year of university; students who had previously disclosed, and who reported greater NSSI severity, were more likely to disclose over time. Conclusion Results of the present study suggest that disclosures often occur in the postsecondary context, and students who disclose NSSI may engage in more severe NSSI behaviours.
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The present article is limited to research studies focused on understanding the phenomenon and construction of the concept of Self.' When we look at one's experience of the Self, as a whole, it involves various components associat...
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The present article is limited to research studies focused on understanding the phenomenon and construction of the concept of Self.' When we look at one's experience of the Self, as a whole, it involves various components associated with different aspects like self-identification, self-location and the sense of the existence of oneself or the sense of Self. While exploring the Self phenomenon, many scientific studies consider only partial aspects of the experience, and hence any understanding resulting from such an evaluation makes it difficult to comment on the nature of the Self. We emphasize that while studying the Self, to understand it totally, one would need to include all the components of the Self. In this connection, we raise the following two theses: a) Ontologically, the Self is conceived as a sentient entity, the bearer of the what it is like to be type of feeling, and b) Phenomenologically, we do not have a direct apprehension of the Self, but experience various aspects of the Self through the Senses of Existence, Identification, and Location.
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Abstract Objective Nonsuicidal self‐injury (NSSI) recovery has typically been conceptualized through the lens of formal frameworks or as the cessation of NSSI. These understandings, however, have been developed largely devoid of ...
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Abstract Objective Nonsuicidal self‐injury (NSSI) recovery has typically been conceptualized through the lens of formal frameworks or as the cessation of NSSI. These understandings, however, have been developed largely devoid of views from those with lived NSSI experience, who may offer novel and critical insights. To advance the conception of NSSI recovery, the current study elicited such views. Methods Two hundred and thirty‐three emerging adults with a history of NSSI (77% female, mean age?=?18.9 years), responded to open‐ended questions regarding recovery. Results were thematically analyzed using an inductive approach. Results Responses yielded seven themes: (a) recovery is complete NSSI cessation; (b) recovery is more than cessation; (c) recovery involves lingering NSSI features; (d) recovery involves developing resilience; (e) recovery is a process; (f) evolution in understanding recovery; and (g) recovery is a subjective experience. Conclusion Recovery seems to be multifarious, nonlinear, and subjective. Conceptual and clinical implications are discussed.
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Purpose - This research aims to explore the way companies can use social network sites, in particular Facebook, to understand the elements of the actual and ideal-selves of their target market. An important issue is whether the br...
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Purpose - This research aims to explore the way companies can use social network sites, in particular Facebook, to understand the elements of the actual and ideal-selves of their target market. An important issue is whether the brand's personality' should match consumers' actual or ideal-self; this complex decision depends on specific characteristics of target markets and products. Design/methodology/approach - Photo-elicitation and in-depth interviews were carried out and applied to 15 interviewees. This exploratory phase seeks to broaden the understanding of the phenomenon clarifying important concepts through the users' rich descriptions and explanations. A primary exploratory qualitative research is conducted, as there is only little information available to answer the research question. Secondary data have also been used to support or contrast the findings with those made by other authors Findings - The results indicate that Facebook users construct their virtual identity with elements from both the actual and the ideal-self, although they predominantly stress those aspects, which make them look more socially desirable. Each Facebook feature is used with different intentions, and that is why different elements of the self can be extracted from each. Practical implications - Companies can enhance emotional connections with consumers by applying "self-congruence", which refers to the correspondence between the consumer's self-concept and the brand's personality. Originality/value - To analyse the empirical findings, the paper draws on the self-concept, brand personality and self-congruence theory. More particularly, on Facebook representations and its relationship with the way people think about them and the manner in which they are expressed.
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The analogue-I and analogue-me refer to mental self-relevant images that take a first-person vs. third-person perspective, respectively. Mental self-analogues are essential for goal setting, planning, and rehearsal of behavioral s...
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The analogue-I and analogue-me refer to mental self-relevant images that take a first-person vs. third-person perspective, respectively. Mental self-analogues are essential for goal setting, planning, and rehearsal of behavioral strategies, but they often fuel emotional and interpersonal problems when people react to their analogue selves as if they were real. This article examines the beneficial and detrimental consequences of the analogue-I and analogue-me, with a focus on egoic reactions that arise from how people think about themselves in their own minds. Phenomena such as counterfactual thinking, interpersonal conflict, jealousy, and overreactions to inconsequential events are used to illustrate the advantages and disadvantages of the mental self-analogues.
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A long tradition of psychological research has explored the distinction between characteristics that are part of the self and those that lie outside of it. Recently, a surge of research has begun examining a further distinction. E...
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A long tradition of psychological research has explored the distinction between characteristics that are part of the self and those that lie outside of it. Recently, a surge of research has begun examining a further distinction. Even among characteristics that are internal to the self, people pick out a subset as belonging to the true self. These factors are judged as making people who they really are, deep down. In this paper, we introduce the concept of the true self and identify features that distinguish people's understanding of the true self from their understanding of the self more generally. In particular, we consider recent findings that the true self is perceived as positive and moral and that this tendency is actor-observer invariant and cross-culturally stable. We then explore possible explanations for these findings and discuss their implications for a variety of issues in psychology.
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