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Abstract Background To understand and care for men who self‐harm, it is important that healthcare professionals have understanding of how and why men self‐harm, men's experiences of self‐harm and what can be done to hinder or p...
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Abstract Background To understand and care for men who self‐harm, it is important that healthcare professionals have understanding of how and why men self‐harm, men's experiences of self‐harm and what can be done to hinder or prevent self‐harm. Aims The aim of this study was to synthesize the existing knowledge on men who self‐harm, with a special emphasis on background, self‐harming methods, experiences and reported therapeutic interventions and/or care approaches. Design Scoping review of internationally published and grey literature, based on a methodological framework by Arksey and O’Malley. Data sources Systematic electronic database searches were conducted in CINAHL, MEDLINE (Ovid) and PsycINFO. From a total of 684?studies found, 24?studies met the inclusion criteria: full‐text, published in English, peer‐reviewed studies and grey literature including a focus on men who self‐harm, men aged between 18 and 65?years, and published between 2010 and 2019. Results Men's self‐harm was understood as being related to mental disorders, a means of affect regulation, a loss of self‐control, and a means of interpersonal communication. Self‐harm can be a positive or negative experience, and there is a wide variety in the methods that men use to self‐harm: sharp objects, injection, ingestion, without aids or riskful behaviour. Few studies reported on therapeutic interventions and/or care approaches for men who self‐harm. Conclusion Men's self‐harm should be understood as a complex, socially and culturally conditioned phenomenon and studied from a multitude of perspectives. Impact This scoping review concludes that self‐harm among men should be understood as a complex, socially and culturally conditioned phenomenon. To empower men and support their recovery from self‐harm, a person‐centred approach should be incorporated into research on the subject and practice.
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Abstract Objective There is a paucity of longitudinal research on predictors of disclosures of nonsuicidal self‐injury (NSSI) among emerging adults. However, understanding the factors that facilitate disclosure is critical, as di...
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Abstract Objective There is a paucity of longitudinal research on predictors of disclosures of nonsuicidal self‐injury (NSSI) among emerging adults. However, understanding the factors that facilitate disclosure is critical, as disclosure may serve as a first step in accessing care. To address this gap, the present study examined predictors of prospective NSSI disclosures in a postsecondary student sample. Methods A total of 475 university students with a history of NSSI (Mage?=?17.96; 74.9% women) reported on several potential predictors of NSSI disclosure, and their disclosure history at baseline and 4‐ and 8‐month follow‐ups. Results It was found that 22% of students reported disclosing NSSI during the first year of university; students who had previously disclosed, and who reported greater NSSI severity, were more likely to disclose over time. Conclusion Results of the present study suggest that disclosures often occur in the postsecondary context, and students who disclose NSSI may engage in more severe NSSI behaviours.
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Abstract Objective Disclosure of nonsuicidal self‐injury (NSSI) is associated with a range of both positive (e.g., help‐seeking) and negative (e.g., discrimination) outcomes. The aim of this study was to assess the importance of...
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Abstract Objective Disclosure of nonsuicidal self‐injury (NSSI) is associated with a range of both positive (e.g., help‐seeking) and negative (e.g., discrimination) outcomes. The aim of this study was to assess the importance of a range of factors concerned with: NSSI experiences, self‐efficacy to disclose self‐injury, interpersonal factors, and reasons for or expectations of disclosure, to the decision to disclose self‐injury to friends, family members, significant others, and health professionals. Methods Three hundred seventy‐one participants with lived experience of NSSI completed a survey in which they rated the importance of the aforementioned factors to the decision of whether to disclose NSSI to different people. A mixed‐model analysis of variance was conducted to investigate whether the factors differed in importance and if this importance differed across relationship types. Results All factors held importance, though to differing degrees, with those related to relationship quality being most important overall. Generally, factors relating to tangible aid were considered more important when considering disclosure to health professionals than to other people. Conversely, interpersonal factors, particularly trust, were more important when disclosing to individuals in social or personal relationships. Conclusion The findings provide preliminary insight into how different considerations may be prioritized when navigating NSSI disclosure, in a way that may be tailored to different contexts. For clinicians, the findings highlight that clients may expect tangible forms of support and nonjudgment in the event that they disclose their self‐injury in this formal setting.
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Although self-injurious behavior (SIB) is often reinforced by social-positive reinforcement or social-negative reinforcement, it sometimes occurs independent of social consequences. In this paper, literature on the assessment of n...
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Although self-injurious behavior (SIB) is often reinforced by social-positive reinforcement or social-negative reinforcement, it sometimes occurs independent of social consequences. In this paper, literature on the assessment of nonsocially mediated SIB and its treatment through the use of substitute sensory stimulation is reviewed. A brief look at biological factors that may play a role in the maintenance of nonsocially mediated SIB as well as suggestions for future research are also included.
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Self-injury behavior is the nonsuicidal, deliberate infliction of a wound to oneself in an attempt to seek expression. Self-injury is more prevalent in the adolescent population, and often emergency and advanced practice nurses ar...
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Self-injury behavior is the nonsuicidal, deliberate infliction of a wound to oneself in an attempt to seek expression. Self-injury is more prevalent in the adolescent population, and often emergency and advanced practice nurses are the health professionals who encounter this phenomenon. The purpose of this study was to explore self-injury by cutting as experienced by adolescent females. The researcher utilized phenomenology to discover the participants' descriptions of their experiences with cutting. Research was guided by the theoretical framework of the Humanistic Nursing Theory. The Giorgi method of data analysis was utilized to discover the themes that emerged from the participants' stories. The themes which emerged from the raw data were living with childhood trauma, feeling abandoned, being an outsider, loathing self, silently screaming, releasing the pressure, feeling alive, being ashamed, and being hopeful for self and others.
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Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) can be a perplexing behavior: Why would someone deliberately damage their body to feel relief? Often starting in early adolescence, up to 1 in 5 high school students report engaging in the behavior. ...
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Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) can be a perplexing behavior: Why would someone deliberately damage their body to feel relief? Often starting in early adolescence, up to 1 in 5 high school students report engaging in the behavior. School staff (principals, teachers, and mental health professionals) are understandably concerned and have been calling for clear guidelines regarding how best to address and respond to NSSI. Based on the current evidence, we argue that schools need to develop a policy for NSSI and implement professional training for staff, which includes professional development and training, protocols for appropriate referrals of students, strategies for responding effectively to NSSI disclosures, safely discussing NSSI with students to minimize socialization effects, and a protocol for family and parent/caregiver engagement. We call on all schools, and school boards, to develop their own local policy, based on the guidelines we present in this policy brief.
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Abstract Objective Nonsuicidal self‐injury (NSSI) recovery has typically been conceptualized through the lens of formal frameworks or as the cessation of NSSI. These understandings, however, have been developed largely devoid of ...
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Abstract Objective Nonsuicidal self‐injury (NSSI) recovery has typically been conceptualized through the lens of formal frameworks or as the cessation of NSSI. These understandings, however, have been developed largely devoid of views from those with lived NSSI experience, who may offer novel and critical insights. To advance the conception of NSSI recovery, the current study elicited such views. Methods Two hundred and thirty‐three emerging adults with a history of NSSI (77% female, mean age?=?18.9 years), responded to open‐ended questions regarding recovery. Results were thematically analyzed using an inductive approach. Results Responses yielded seven themes: (a) recovery is complete NSSI cessation; (b) recovery is more than cessation; (c) recovery involves lingering NSSI features; (d) recovery involves developing resilience; (e) recovery is a process; (f) evolution in understanding recovery; and (g) recovery is a subjective experience. Conclusion Recovery seems to be multifarious, nonlinear, and subjective. Conceptual and clinical implications are discussed.
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Objective This study explored the boundaries of the proposed diagnostic criteria for nonsuicidal self-injury disorder (NSSID) as outlined in theConditions for Further Study section of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fifth E...
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Objective This study explored the boundaries of the proposed diagnostic criteria for nonsuicidal self-injury disorder (NSSID) as outlined in theConditions for Further Study section of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fifth Edition. We sought to falsify the exclusion of certain NSSI behaviors from a diagnosis of NSSID (Criterion D), arguing that these exclusions are inconsistent with the broader phenomenology of the disorder outlined in the other criteria. Method We describe three case studies involving NSSI (Case 1: scab-picking; Case 2: nail-biting; Case 3: tattooing) that cannot be diagnosed as NSSID because the behaviors are explicitly listed in Criterion D. Results Despite exclusion as a relevant NSSI behavior per Criterion D, each examined behavior is consistent with the intentionality, functionality, and distress/impairment of NSSID that represent core features of the disorder. Conclusion The case studies presented here suggest that Criterion D should be revised or removed from the NSSID criteria.
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Abstract Objective The Emotional Cascade Model posits that nonsuicidal self‐injury (NSSI) functions to distract from cascades of intense negative emotion and rumination. We investigated the moderating role of rumination in the re...
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Abstract Objective The Emotional Cascade Model posits that nonsuicidal self‐injury (NSSI) functions to distract from cascades of intense negative emotion and rumination. We investigated the moderating role of rumination in the relationships between reactivity, intensity, and perseveration of emotion and NSSI. Method University students (N?=?992) completed self‐report measures of self‐injury, emotional reactivity, intensity and perseveration, and rumination. Results Together, the dimensions of negative emotion were associated with NSSI, but none contributed unique variance. For positive emotion, reactivity was negatively associated with history of self‐injury and perseveration was negatively associated with frequency of the behaviour. Rumination was associated with NSSI, but did not moderate associations between the dimensions of negative emotion and self‐injury. Rumination moderated the relationship between perseveration of positive emotion and history of NSSI, such that it was only significant at high levels of rumination. Conclusion Findings highlight the importance of dimensions of positive emotion in understanding self‐injury.
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Background Deliberate self-harm (DSH; intentional self-poisoning or self-injury) is a major problem among young people and has been identified as one of the key mental health problems affecting students.
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