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Effectiveness has been understood at three levels of analysis in the scholarly study of policy design. The first is at the systemic level indicating what entails effective formulation environments or spaces making them conducive t...
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Effectiveness has been understood at three levels of analysis in the scholarly study of policy design. The first is at the systemic level indicating what entails effective formulation environments or spaces making them conducive to successful design. The second reflects more program level concerns, surrounding how policy tool portfolios or mixes can be effectively constructed to address complex policy objectives. The third is a more specific instrument level, focusing on what accounts for and constitutes the effectiveness of particular types of policy tools. Undergirding these three levels of analysis are comparative research concerns that concentrate on the capacities of government and political actors to devise and implement effective designs. This paper presents a systematic review of a largely scattered yet quickly burgeoning body of knowledge in the policy sciences, which broadly asks what capacities engender effectiveness at the multiple levels of policy design? The findings bring to light lessons about design effectiveness at the level of formulation spaces, policy mixes and policy programs. Further, this review points to a future research agenda for design studies that is sensitive to the relative orders of policy capacity, temporality and complementarities between the various dimensions of policy capacity.
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Policy design as a field of inquiry in policy studies has had a chequered history. After a promising beginning in the 1970s and 1980s, the field languished in the 1990s and 2000s as work in the policy sciences focused on the impac...
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Policy design as a field of inquiry in policy studies has had a chequered history. After a promising beginning in the 1970s and 1980s, the field languished in the 1990s and 2000s as work in the policy sciences focused on the impact on policy outcomes of meta-changes in society and the international environment. Both globalization and governance studies of the period ignored traditional design concerns in arguing that changes at this level predetermined policy specifications and promoted the use of market and collaborative governance (network) instruments. However, more recent work re-asserting the role of governments both at the international and domestic levels has revitalized design studies. This special issue focuses on recent efforts in the policy sciences to reinvent, or more properly, 're-discover' the policy design orientation in light of these developments. Articles in the issue address leading edge issues such as the nature of design thinking and expertise in a policy context, the temporal aspects of policy designs, the role of experimental designs, the question of policy mixes, the issue of design flexibility and resilience and the criteria for assessing superior designs. Evidence and case studies deal with design contexts and processes in Canada, China, Singapore, the UK, EU, Australia and elsewhere. Such detailed case studies are necessary for policy design studies to advance beyond some of the strictures placed in their way by the reification of, and over-emphasis upon, only a few of the many possible kinds of policy designs identified by the 1990s and early 2000s literature.
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Since reform and opening up, energy policy has been effectively used by the Chinese government for managing its energy market. In order to reveal how China manages its energy market, this study collected more than two thousand pol...
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Since reform and opening up, energy policy has been effectively used by the Chinese government for managing its energy market. In order to reveal how China manages its energy market, this study collected more than two thousand policy documents promulgated by Chinese government in the past 40 years, i.e., 1978-2018, through data mining. The evolution and structure of China's energy policy intensity, policy tools, and policy targets in the past 40 years were analyzed. The results show that: (1) from 1978 to 2018, China's policy-making departments are gradually strengthening their management of the nation's energy market and the coordination between them has been significantly enhanced. As an effective measure for managing energy market, laws did not get enough attentions it deserves from policy-making departments; (2) it seems that China likes to influence the operation of its energy market by implementing indirect guidance policies, which did not directly affect industrial supply and demand. With the continuous promotion of supply-side structural reform, policies focusing on supply guarantee are growing; (3) the target of China's energy policies used to be the promotion of the industrialization of its energy industry. Nowadays, more attentions are paid to promote high-quality growth by encouraging research and development.
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This article proposes a systems description of policy and the
process of generating and implementing it, with the goal of aiding
policy planners, implementers, and contributors in enhancing policy
effectiveness. The idealized poli...
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This article proposes a systems description of policy and the
process of generating and implementing it, with the goal of aiding
policy planners, implementers, and contributors in enhancing policy
effectiveness. The idealized policy process described provides a
framework for a comprehensive approach to real policy administration.
Understanding the idealized policy process offers the three groups of
policy contributors, those who create it, those who carry it out, and
those who support it, the opportunity to use their knowledge more
effectively to the benefit of policy development. This will increase not
only the quality of policies but also the enjoyment and rewards of those
contributing to them
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This article seeks to critique and extend recent work in the policy sciences, by Maor in particular, on disproportionate policy making-including policy overreaction and underreaction. While the disproportionate policy making thesi...
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This article seeks to critique and extend recent work in the policy sciences, by Maor in particular, on disproportionate policy making-including policy overreaction and underreaction. While the disproportionate policy making thesis does help address assumptions that something is amiss in the policy process by capturing an imbalance between policy problems and the interventions to address them, we argue that it does not pay sufficient attention to politics. We present a heuristic which includes political perception of both programme and political threats. Our core argument is that much of what is considered disproportionate policy making, can in fact also be considered proportionate politics. Our analysis paves the way for a more holistic and political understanding of policy dynamics.
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In recent years, the term "policy instrument" has been used frequently with regard to R&D policy and innovation policy. This article examines the development of the term as part of a body of research known as "policy design". Over the last 50 years, there has been substantial progress in setting policy design on a more systematic basis, with the development of established concepts and analytical frameworks, including various taxonomies of policy instruments. However, with just a few exceptions, this body of research seems to have had little impact in the world of R&D policy. The paper reviews the literature on R&D policy instruments, identifies a number of challenges for R&D policy instruments in the light of four transitions and sets out a research agenda for the study of R&D policy instruments, before ending with a number of conclusions....
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In recent years, the term "policy instrument" has been used frequently with regard to R&D policy and innovation policy. This article examines the development of the term as part of a body of research known as "policy design". Over the last 50 years, there has been substantial progress in setting policy design on a more systematic basis, with the development of established concepts and analytical frameworks, including various taxonomies of policy instruments. However, with just a few exceptions, this body of research seems to have had little impact in the world of R&D policy. The paper reviews the literature on R&D policy instruments, identifies a number of challenges for R&D policy instruments in the light of four transitions and sets out a research agenda for the study of R&D policy instruments, before ending with a number of conclusions.
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Abstract Environmental policy integration (EPI), that is, the incorporation of environmental concerns in non‐environmental policy areas, has been widely adopted in public policies. However, EPI research has found much discrepancy...
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Abstract Environmental policy integration (EPI), that is, the incorporation of environmental concerns in non‐environmental policy areas, has been widely adopted in public policies. However, EPI research has found much discrepancy between environmental objectives and actual implementation. This paper argues that analyzing EPI in the context of policy mixes with multiple objectives, multiple instruments and their calibrations helps to better understand unavoidable tensions and limitations. We develop a framework to assess EPI at these three levels of policy output, synthesizing the EPI and policy mix literatures. We further distinguish four analytical dimensions to assess calibrations: stringency, specificity, flexibility, and temporality. A case study of the national implementation of the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in Germany 2014–2022 is used to elaborate the conceptual argument. The CAP has saliently incorporated environmental objectives, while implementation, including the calibrations of most instruments within predetermined corridors, is left to member states. A systematic meta‐review of 142 texts evaluating policy instruments and calibrations in the CAP 2014–2022, focusing on Germany, found that several CAP instruments link most farm income support to pro‐environmental behavior. These instruments could potentially have high environmental effectiveness and efficiency. But actual policy calibrations delivered weak EPI due to low stringency and specificity, while high flexibility and temporal accommodation of farmers' needs might support EPI by increasing acceptance. Weak EPI resulted from instrument calibrations in the face of unavoidable trade‐offs between competing objectives. Our results demonstrate that calibrations can significantly affect the strength of EPI adoption, and the priorities within policy mixes more generally.
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We derive a set of stylized facts on the effects of non-systematic fiscal policy in the four largest countries of the Euro area. We find relevant differences across countries in the effects of non-systematic fiscal policy, and sub...
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We derive a set of stylized facts on the effects of non-systematic fiscal policy in the four largest countries of the Euro area. We find relevant differences across countries in the effects of non-systematic fiscal policy, and substantial uncertaintyabout the size of these effects. Yet, in general, expenditure shocks are usually rather ineffective in increasing output growth, and can require deficit financing Tax policies also appear to have minor effects on output, but usually tax increases do nothave negative effects,. Disaggregating expenditures and receipts yields some interesting results, in particular increases in government consumption decrease output in all countries, while social benefits can increase it.
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Drawing up environmental policy options is a complex activity which involves defining and weighing the merits and risks of various alternative courses of action governments could pursue. In its modern version, this task typically ...
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Drawing up environmental policy options is a complex activity which involves defining and weighing the merits and risks of various alternative courses of action governments could pursue. In its modern version, this task typically involves formal policy analysis or policy appraisal', that is, policy work specifically undertaken to generate and evaluate policy options in order to address problems or issues on a policy agenda. Indicators play a powerful but under-investigated role in this process. To shed light on this issue, the paper conducts a case study of the design and evolution of policy indicators in water security policy formulation, examining both their utilization and impact. The paper documents the origins of water security policy indicators; assesses their relevance and influence in policy formulation and identifies the reasons for the emergence of certain preferred indices, despite their having several well-known limitations. In particular, the discussion flags the significance of the political advantages surrounding their ease of use and interpretation, rather than their technical merits, as a key factor affecting the continued utilization and influence of specific indicators in environmental policy and planning.
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This research has addressed the pathology of the implementation of monetary and banking policies in Iran and identifying the factors affecting the implementation of these policies in the banking system. In this research, concurren...
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This research has addressed the pathology of the implementation of monetary and banking policies in Iran and identifying the factors affecting the implementation of these policies in the banking system. In this research, concurrent with collecting researches and studies performed about the factors affecting the implementation of policies, by conducting exploratory interviews with 20 experts in the field of policy-making and banking and monetary experts, 36 indicators affecting the implementation of monetary and banking policies in Iran were also identified. Afterwards, in order to fit the "proposed analytical model of implementing monetary and banking policies in Iran", 13 hypotheses were defined. Then, by selecting appropriate statistical sample and distributing the questionnaire among them, the fitness of the model was investigated. Finally, the proposed research model for implementing monetary and banking policies in Iran was fitted and confirmed, and out of 13 hypotheses, 2 were rejected and the rest were confirmed.
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