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Despite the gains India has made over the past 20 years, it remains a country with significant gender inequalities. Gender sensitization and empowerment programs during adolescence, when gender attitudes are formed, have the poten...
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Despite the gains India has made over the past 20 years, it remains a country with significant gender inequalities. Gender sensitization and empowerment programs during adolescence, when gender attitudes are formed, have the potential to diminish gender inequity. The Girl rising 'Gender-sensitization program' was implemented in 254 schools in India to support adolescents in identifying, articulating, and sharing their gender-related experiences. A quasi-experimental study was conducted with a one group pre- and post-test with a sub-sample of schools in rural Punjab and Rajasthan, India (n = 2,894 adolescents). Multivariable regression analyses adjusting for gender, grade, and district found that gender equality scores increased by 0.66 points (p < .001), gender roles/privileges/restrictions mean score increased by 0.41 points (p < .001), and gender attribute mean score increased by 0.17 points (p < .001). Gender-sensitization programs can play an important role in forming and changing gender attitudes during adolescence, and have the potential to alter their short and long-term beliefs.
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Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine the representations of male and female social actors within the subversive gendered discourse of "equal opportunities for men and women" in Iranian English as a foreign language (E...
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Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to examine the representations of male and female social actors within the subversive gendered discourse of "equal opportunities for men and women" in Iranian English as a foreign language (EFL) textbooks. Design/methodology/approach - From the methodological perspective, this study fused van Leeuwen's (2003) "Social Actor Network Model" and Sunderland's (2004) "Gendered Discourses Model". Findings - Data obtained from this study showed the subversive gendered discourse of "equal opportunities" was supported through such representations within a narrow perspective in line with dominant gender ideologies in Iran. The findings suggest the resistance against such subversive gendered discourse in Iranian EFL textbooks underpins gender norms and religious ideologies existing in Iran. Originality/value - Such representations of male and female social actors in school textbooks show inclusive education and the discourse of "equal opportunities" have yet to be realised in education system of many countries, including Iran.
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In their work on the subjects of intersex conditions, the variability of sex organs, and the socio-historically influenced perception of sex, Gender-theorists (Bauer 2019; Villa 2019; Voss 2019) criticize in response to Ponseti an...
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In their work on the subjects of intersex conditions, the variability of sex organs, and the socio-historically influenced perception of sex, Gender-theorists (Bauer 2019; Villa 2019; Voss 2019) criticize in response to Ponseti and Stirn (2019) the binarity of sex as biological reductionism and ideological fiction. We show how Gender-theorists modified the meaning of sex in order to construct an "inner gender" and de-pathologize transsexualism. We explain why modifying the sex term is a scientific setback and how this strategy damages sex research and patients.
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Effective counselors recognize the diversity that exists in gender expression among transgender and gender nonconforming clients. To aid this understanding, we present the development and evaluation of the Gender Expression Attitu...
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Effective counselors recognize the diversity that exists in gender expression among transgender and gender nonconforming clients. To aid this understanding, we present the development and evaluation of the Gender Expression Attitudes Towards Transgender Clients scale. In Study I (N = 300 trainees in helping professions), we found evidence of three adequately reliable factors: Emphasis on Assigned Sex Expression, Affirmation of Gender Expression in All Forms, and Generalized Emphasis on Gender Binary Expression. In Study II (N = 202 trainees and practitioners), only the Affirmation of Gender Expression in All Forms subscale was negatively associated with gender essentialist and gender immutable attitudes, and was positively associated with recent guidelines for clinical care of transgender clients. The Emphasis on Assigned Sex Expression subscale was positively associated with gender immutability and negatively associated with guidelines for clinical care of transgender clients, as was the Generalized Emphasis on Gender Binary Expression subscale.
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The Six Culture Study and the additional New Samples were the first studies to systematically examine the role of culture in the development of gender differences. Observations of children in their natural environments demonstrate...
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The Six Culture Study and the additional New Samples were the first studies to systematically examine the role of culture in the development of gender differences. Observations of children in their natural environments demonstrated the influential roles of parents, siblings, peers, task assignment, and the environmental setting in determining the course of gender-related learning. Relations between children's experiences and the development of later social behaviors were clarified by examination of differences between cultural groups. Although sometimes not recognized as legacies of this research, many of the culturally determined aspects of socialization revealed in these studies have been incorporated into current research and theory of gender development.
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The classical view of two sexes is nowadays criticized on the basis that there may be no clear boundary between the two sexes and because the perception of two genders may be socially constructed. In consequence, a person's determ...
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The classical view of two sexes is nowadays criticized on the basis that there may be no clear boundary between the two sexes and because the perception of two genders may be socially constructed. In consequence, a person's determination of their own gender, de-pathologizing of transgenderism and self-determined demands for sex reassignment surgery are regarded as legitimate. This paper justifies the conceptualizing of two sexes with regard to their reproductive functions. Anisogamy has far-reaching consequences for sex-dimorphic lived realities, behavioral tendencies, and gender roles. We criticize the current understanding of gender identity and suggest a concept of identity that offers starting points for psychotherapy. We further argue that a non-binary view of sex has negative consequences for sex research and for the treatment of gender dysphoria. Based on outcome and neuroscientific studies, we discuss whether the psychotherapeutic treatment of gender dysphoria is unethical, oppose this view with newer catamnesis studies, and offer suggestions for new treatment strategies.
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Expectations regarding gendered behaviors are understood to emanate from many sources, including parents, peers, and the self but there has been little research directly comparing these three sources of pressure. The present study...
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Expectations regarding gendered behaviors are understood to emanate from many sources, including parents, peers, and the self but there has been little research directly comparing these three sources of pressure. The present study assessed felt pressure regarding masculine and feminine stereotypic behaviors and compared pressure from parents, peers, and the self and how these sources are associated with self-perceived gender typicality. Participants (N = 275; 53.09% female; grade 7 M = 12.35 years; grade 9 M = 14.3 years; 71% Anglo-Celtic) were recruited from independent schools in Sydney. Felt pressure from the self to engage in masculine behavior was greater than felt pressure from parents or peers. Male adolescents reported higher felt pressure to conform to gender conforming behavior from parents and the self and pressure to avoid gender nonconforming behavior was greatest from peers. Female adolescents reported felt pressure to conform to gender nonconforming behaviors and this pressure was the strongest from the self. Additionally, for both genders, felt pressure from the self was most consistently associated with gender typicality. These findings highlight the importance of self-expectations for gender cognitions relating to both masculine and feminine behaviors.
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Adolescents presenting with gender-related concerns are increasingly seeking support from providers from a variety of disciplines within health care settings across the world. For those treating young people who meet the criteria ...
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Adolescents presenting with gender-related concerns are increasingly seeking support from providers from a variety of disciplines within health care settings across the world. For those treating young people who meet the criteria for the DSM 5 diagnosis of gender dysphoria (GD), complex decisions in clinical care are common. Defining best practice with this population with respect to interventions that span mental health, physical, and surgical domains can be challenging, given a relative dearth of empirical data available; yet practice guidelines have emerged from different professional organizations which can aid with this. For this review paper, a broad literature search was performed to identify relevant studies pertaining to the care of adolescents with GD. In addition, an overview of trends in clinical practice, including shifts in conceptualization of how clinicians and patients define care that is considered affirming when working with this population, is described. This paper explores the characteristics of referral patterns to specialized clinics, provides a brief overview of gender identity development in adolescence, and then describes the phenomenology of known aetiological factors and co-occurring psychiatric issues in adolescents with GD. Additionally, clinical management considerations that detail assessment aims and common treatment interventions across disciplines will be explored.
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Based on the latest literary sources and rich factual material, the scientific article consistently discusses topical issues of financial theory and practice, gender budgeting in the healthcare and social protection of Georgia. It...
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Based on the latest literary sources and rich factual material, the scientific article consistently discusses topical issues of financial theory and practice, gender budgeting in the healthcare and social protection of Georgia. It has been established that the spheres of health care and social orientation have a high gender significance. At the same time, the study shows that the state budget programs of Georgia do not contain gender sensitivity. It is substantiated that the goals set in the health and social protection programs of the state budget of Georgia, and the indicators of intermediate and final results require more specification in accordance with the principles of the program budgeting methodology in general, as well as taking into account additional gender aspects.
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The author, a co-founder and the Director of the Gender & Sexuality Psychosocial Program at Children's National Medical Center in Washington, D.C., discusses clinical issues and interventions for prepubertal children with atypical gender development. He describes developmental issues related to concepts of gender for preadolescent children. The importance of working within the family system and helping the family to accept their child in order to become advocates for the child are discussed. Finally, some of the complicated issues surrounding the question of whether a child should begin to transition genders prior to reaching puberty are explored....
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The author, a co-founder and the Director of the Gender & Sexuality Psychosocial Program at Children's National Medical Center in Washington, D.C., discusses clinical issues and interventions for prepubertal children with atypical gender development. He describes developmental issues related to concepts of gender for preadolescent children. The importance of working within the family system and helping the family to accept their child in order to become advocates for the child are discussed. Finally, some of the complicated issues surrounding the question of whether a child should begin to transition genders prior to reaching puberty are explored.
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