摘要 : The recent World Trade Organization dispute settlement panel on Canada's trade in dairy products concluded that there is a need for modifications in Canada's dairy marketing system. The paper analyses trade liberalization by compa... 展开 The recent World Trade Organization dispute settlement panel on Canada's trade in dairy products concluded that there is a need for modifications in Canada's dairy marketing system. The paper analyses trade liberalization by comparing tariff reductions to enlargements in minimum access commitments (MACs) when domestic production is controlled by a profit-maximizing state enterprise, which may or may not control imports. Even if the administrative problems of MACs (e.g., choice of importers, punishment for non-compliance) fail to be taken into account, MACs are inferior to tariffs because they promote inefficient trade. A state trader that would import under free trade has a tendency to export more under MACs than under tariffs. Because it is assumed that MACs must be filled, exporting is done to protect the high-price domestic market. 收起