摘要 : This paper calibrates a stylized national policy model of the US dairy industry to analyse the effects of liberalizing the tariff quota policy. It is considered important to distinguish in-quota, over-quota, out-of-quota and non-q... 展开 This paper calibrates a stylized national policy model of the US dairy industry to analyse the effects of liberalizing the tariff quota policy. It is considered important to distinguish in-quota, over-quota, out-of-quota and non-quota imports. A framework to model quota underfill with out-of-quota imports is highlighted. To endogenize quota underfill and still account for out-of-quota imports, the analysis needs to depict the marginal private benefits of imports under the quota and the corresponding marginal cost curve. The total transaction costs of the import quota scheme can be calculated. This framework is well suited for handling shocks because a change in in-quota or out-of-quota tariffs or a shift in the excess supply/demand curves affectsmarginal benefits, while a change in the quota affects the marginal cost of imports. The paper shows that regime switches affect trade liberalization and that a decrease in tariffs or an increase in quotas may have little effect without liberalizing bothinstruments. A component approach to model the sector has endogenous government-controlled class prices. An increase in imports of one product can result in an increase in the prices of other non-traded dairy products. This is because component prices change and so impact government-controlled class prices. 收起