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In the United States, substance use among pregnant and postpartum women is a public health issue. Previous studies based on data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) have consistently shown that a substantial pr...
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In the United States, substance use among pregnant and postpartum women is a public health issue. Previous studies based on data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) have consistently shown that a substantial proportion of pregnant women, particulary those in the first trimester, were pastmonth alcohol, cigarette, or iilicit drug users and that rates among recent mothers were much higher than thos among pregnant women. A recent study of this relationship that controlled for women's age and other socio-demographic characteristics found indirect evidence of resumption of substance use following childbirth.
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There is uncertainty as to the optimal approach for screening and diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Based on systematic reviews published in 2003 and 2008, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force concluded that the...
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There is uncertainty as to the optimal approach for screening and diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Based on systematic reviews published in 2003 and 2008, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force concluded that there was insufficient evidence upon which to make a recommendation regarding routine screening of all pregnant women. The objectives of this report were to: 1) Identify properties of screening tests for GDM, (2) evaluate benefits and harms of screening for GDM, (3) assess the effects of different screening and diagnostic thresholds on outcomes for mothers and their offspring, and (4) determine the benefits and harms of treatment for a diagnosis of GDM.
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摘要 :
In a 2003 evidence report, the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) concluded that the scientific evidence was insufficient to advise for or against routine screening for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in all...
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In a 2003 evidence report, the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) concluded that the scientific evidence was insufficient to advise for or against routine screening for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in all pregnant women. The 2003 review did not include evidence pertaining to GDM screening prior to 24 weeks gestation. As the prevalence of women at high risk for type 2 diabetes and GDM has continued to increase dramatically over the intervening years, the issue of early screening has taken on greater importance. Purpose: This review identifies and evaluates new evidence since the prior review on the risks and benefits of GDM screening at 24 weeks or later; it also newly reviews all of the available evidence pertaining to GDM screening prior to 24 weeks.
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Social Security plays an important role in providing economic security for women. Nearly 60 percent of the people receiving Social Security benefits are women. In the 21st century, more women work, pay Social Security taxes and ea...
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Social Security plays an important role in providing economic security for women. Nearly 60 percent of the people receiving Social Security benefits are women. In the 21st century, more women work, pay Social Security taxes and earn credit toward monthly retirement income than at any other time in our nations history. Today, women have challenging choices to make. Some may spend their entire adulthood in a career or job outside the home. Some may work for a few years, leave the labor force to raise children and eventually return to work. And some may choose not to work outside of the home. Whether they work, have worked or have never worked, it is essential that women understand how Social Security can help them and their families. Women tend to care for many peoplespouses, children and parents. And although they have made significant strides, women are more likely to earn less over their lifetimes than men. They are less often covered by private retirement plans and more dependent on Social Security and for a longer period of time since, on average, women live about five years longer than men.
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The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (ACA) holds much promisebeyond the expansion of health care coveragefor millions of Americans. The preventive health care services and screenings specified in the legislation ...
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The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (ACA) holds much promisebeyond the expansion of health care coveragefor millions of Americans. The preventive health care services and screenings specified in the legislation will be fully covered without requiring a patient copayment. These include the services with Grade A and B recommendations made by the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), the Bright Futures recommendations for adolescents from the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), and vaccinations specified by the Centers for Disease Control and Preventions (CDCs) Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). These three sets of guidelines provide a list of preventive services, such as blood pressure measurement, diabetes and cholesterol tests, and mammography and colonoscopy screenings. As part of the ACA, the list of preventive services specific to womens health was requested to be reviewed.
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Violence against women and violence against children are not isolated phenomena. Rather, such violence often co-exists in families. Data suggest that child abuse is 15 times more likely to occur in families where domestic violence...
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Violence against women and violence against children are not isolated phenomena. Rather, such violence often co-exists in families. Data suggest that child abuse is 15 times more likely to occur in families where domestic violence is present. Children who grow up in violent homes suffer a wide range of adverse behavioral and psychological effects, including a tendency to repeat abusive behaviors, as perpetrators and victims, as they attain adulthood. Increased awareness of the adverse effects of domestic violence on children has prompted some states to enact laws either creating a new offense, or imposing new sanctions, when domestic violence is committed in the presence of children. It is the prosecutors job to enforce these new laws, as well as other existing laws that might be relevant. In their efforts to enforce the law while balancing the interests of women and children, prosecutors across the country have found themselves caught in the midst of a debate over how best to protect children in the context of domestic violence. With support from the National Institute of Justice, an exploratory study was conducted to address the following research questions: What are the challenges facing prosecutors when children are exposed to domestic violence; How are new laws, now effective in a small number of states, affecting practice; What can prosecutors do to help battered women and their children. The study relied on two sources of data: a national telephone survey of prosecutors, and intensive field research in five jurisdictions.
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Militaries are responsible to reflect the society from which their personnel are drawn. Therefore as societies change, so too, should the respective military. The Australian society is seeing an emerging trend of females striving ...
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Militaries are responsible to reflect the society from which their personnel are drawn. Therefore as societies change, so too, should the respective military. The Australian society is seeing an emerging trend of females striving to achieve success in both the family and work environments. The introduction of family friendly policies in civilian organizations is improving the ability for females to achieve a work-life balance. In an attempt to reflect society, the Australian Army has introduced policies to afford its personnel the ability to also achieve a work-life balance. However, the percentage of females in senior ranks is still low. What are the issues affecting the ascension of women in the Australian Army. How does a society influence the military. How does the Australian Army compare to other armies from around the world. Are our leaders equipped with the right training to drive cultural change. Is the Flexible Work Arrangements policy effective. Finally, will lifting restrictions for women to serve in combat roles improve the ascension rate within the Australian Army. This thesis explores these questions to identify the issues affecting the ascension of women in the Australian Army.
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