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We determined the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibilities patterns of bacterial isolates from pus samples collected frompatients in a tertiary care hospital of Punjab, India. E. coli was the most prevalent pathogen (51.2%) foll...
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We determined the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibilities patterns of bacterial isolates from pus samples collected frompatients in a tertiary care hospital of Punjab, India. E. coli was the most prevalent pathogen (51.2%) followed by Staphylococcus aureus (21%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (11.6%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5.8%), Citrobacter spp. (3.5%), Acinetobacter baumannii (2.3%), Proteus mirabilis (2.3%), and Streptococcus spp. (2.3%). E. coli, K. pneumoniae, A. baumannii, and Citrobacter isolates were resistant to multiple antibiotics including higher generation cephalosporins. S. aureus and Streptococcus isolates were sensitive to cloxacillin and vancomycin. However, P. aeruginosa, P. mirabilis, and Streptococcus isolates were found to be less resistant to the spectrum of antibiotics tested. Overall, our findings indicate the prevalence of resistance to different classes of antibiotics in bacterial isolates from pus infections and hence highlight the need for effective surveillance, regulator reporting, and antibiogram-guided antibiotic prescription.
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Background: Amblyopia is one of the most important causes of vision impairment in the world, especially in children. Although its prevalence varies in different parts of the world, no study has evaluated its prevalence in differen...
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Background: Amblyopia is one of the most important causes of vision impairment in the world, especially in children. Although its prevalence varies in different parts of the world, no study has evaluated its prevalence in different geographical regions comprehensively. The aim of the present study was to provide global and regional estimates of the prevalence of amblyopia in different age groups via a systematic search.Methods: In this study, international databases, including Embase, Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and other relevant databases, were searched systematically to find articles on the prevalence of amblyopia in different age groups published in English. The prevalence and 95% Cl were calculated using binomial distribution. The Cochran's Q-test and I2 statistic were applied to assess heterogeneity, a random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence, and a meta-regres-sion method was utilized to investigate the factors affecting heterogeneity between studies. Results: Of 1252 studies, 73 studies were included in the analysis (sample volume: 530,252). Most of these studies {n = 25) were conducted in the WHO-Western Pacific Regional Office. The pooled prevalence estimate of amblyopia was 1.75% (95% Cl: 1.62-1.88), with the highest estimate in European Regional Office (3.67%, 95% Cl: 2.89-4.45) and the lowest in African Regional Office (0.51%, 95% Cl: 0.24-0.78). The most common cause of amblyopia was anisometropia (61.64%). The I2 heterogeneity was 98% (p < 0.001). According to the results of univariate meta-regression, the variables of WHO region {b: 0.566, p < 0.001), sample size (b: -0.284 x 10~4, p: 0.025), and criteria for definition of amblyopia (b: -0.292, p: 0.010) had a significant effect on heterogeneity between studies, while age group, publication date, and cause of amblyopia had no significant effect on heterogeneity. Conclusion: The prevalence of amblyopia varies in different parts of the world, with the highest prevalence in European countries. Geographical location and criteria for definition of amblyopia are among factors contributing to the difference across the world. The results of this study can help stakeholders to design health programs, especially health interventions and amblyopia screening programs.
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Objective: The objective of this study is to provide updated prevalence information on hepatitis C, hepatitis B, and human immunodeficiency virus (HFV) among patients in a high-volume emergency department (ED) located in a medium-...
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Objective: The objective of this study is to provide updated prevalence information on hepatitis C, hepatitis B, and human immunodeficiency virus (HFV) among patients in a high-volume emergency department (ED) located in a medium-sized, Midwestern city. Background: This study provides updated information regarding the prevalence of the blood-borne pathogens hepatitis C, hepatitis B, and HIV among ED patients. Prior studies of this type have focused on large inner-city populations with high incidence rates of blood-borne diseases. These studies have limited applicability to other common ED settings. Methods: A convenience sample of 404 patients was selected using blood previously drawn independent of the study. Patient-identifying information was unlinked from study results, which allowed waiver of informed consent from the Institutional Review Board. This blood was then tested for hepatitis C, hepatitis B, and HFV. Results: Prevalence of hepatitis C antibody was 4.0%, relative to the overall US population prevalence of 1.8%. Hepatitis BsAg was present in 0.7% and HIV prevalence was 0.8%. There were no coinfections; therefore, there was a combined prevalence of blood-borne pathogens of 5.5%. Conclusions: The combined prevalence of blood-borne pathogens of 5.5% supports previous recommendations of universal precautions, particularly in settings where the overall prevalence may be underestimated.
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Enterobacteriaceae, common causes of health care associated and community acquired infections are mainly treated with beta-lactam agents. Our study objective was to determine the prevalence and common enterobacteriaceae pathogen p...
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Enterobacteriaceae, common causes of health care associated and community acquired infections are mainly treated with beta-lactam agents. Our study objective was to determine the prevalence and common enterobacteriaceae pathogen producing extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBLs). The isolates were recovered from various clinical specimens. This was cross sectional study conducted between July 2016 and September 2016 at Mulago National Referral Hospital, Uganda. We used ChromID? ESBL agar (Biomerieux SA, Lyon, France) and Vitek2 compact system GN83 card (BioMerieux Inc, Hazelwood, Missouri, USA) to detect and confirm presence of phenotypic extended spectrum beta lactamases producing pathogens respectively. Of the 261 tested clinical isolates, 35 (13.4%) were identified as ESBLs producing bacteria. Escherichia coli predominated in the samples [18 (51.4%)], presenting the highest frequency of ESBLs producing, followed by Klebsiella pneumonia [10 (28.5%)], Proteus mirabilis [4 (11.4%)], Enterobacter sp. [2 (5.7%)] and least among Acinetobacter baumanii [1 (2.8%)].
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Spine fracture prevalence is similar in men and women, increasing from <5% in those <60 to 11% in those 70-79 and 18% in those >= 80 years. Prevalence was higher with age, lower bone mineral density (BMD), and in those meeting criteria for spine imaging. Most subjects with spine fractur...
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Spine fracture prevalence is similar in men and women, increasing from <5% in those <60 to 11% in those 70-79 and 18% in those >= 80 years. Prevalence was higher with age, lower bone mineral density (BMD), and in those meeting criteria for spine imaging. Most subjects with spine fractures were unaware of them.
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Between western European countries, the hepatitis C virus (HCV) endemic is highest in Italy. The main objective of this paper is to estimate the endemic diffusion of hepatitis C at the national level and by geographical area, with...
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Between western European countries, the hepatitis C virus (HCV) endemic is highest in Italy. The main objective of this paper is to estimate the endemic diffusion of hepatitis C at the national level and by geographical area, with an extrapolation at the regional level and by uniform cohorts of subjects (by sex and year of birth). The secondary objective is a stratification by gravity of the estimated statistical figures to provide an overview of possible targets of the new anti-HCV treatments.
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Objective: We define the prevalence threshold as the prevalence level below which a test's positive predictive value (PPV) declines most sharply relative to disease prevalence - and thus the rate of false positive results/false di...
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Objective: We define the prevalence threshold as the prevalence level below which a test's positive predictive value (PPV) declines most sharply relative to disease prevalence - and thus the rate of false positive results/false discovery rate increases most rapidly. The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence threshold of various screening tests used in obstetrics and gynecology among low-risk women in modern clinical practice.
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Two approaches are described for estimating the prevalence of a disease that may have developed in a previous restricted age interval among persons of a given age at a particular calender time. The prevalence for all those who eve...
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Two approaches are described for estimating the prevalence of a disease that may have developed in a previous restricted age interval among persons of a given age at a particular calender time. The prevalence for all those who ever developed disease is treated as a special case. The counting method (CM) obtains estimates of prevalence by dividing the estimated number of diseased persons by the total population size, taking loss to follow-up into account. The transition rate method (TRM) uses estimates of transition rates ad competing risk calculations to estimate prevalence. Variance calculations are described for CM and TRM as well as for a variant of CM, called counting method times 10 (CM10), that is designed to yield more precise estimates than CM. We compared these three estimators in terms of precision and in terms of the underlying assumptions required to justify the methods. CM makes fewer assumptions but is typically less precise than TRM or CM10. For common diseases such as breast cancer, CM may be preferred because its precision is excellent even though not as high as for TRM or CM10. For less common diseases, such as brain cancer, however, TRM or CM10 and other methods that make stabilizing assumptions may be preferred to CM.
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A large British survey is being conducted to identify sources of occupational exposure to hand-transmitted and whole-body vibration, and to estimate the approximate extent of such exposures and their health effects. The principal ...
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A large British survey is being conducted to identify sources of occupational exposure to hand-transmitted and whole-body vibration, and to estimate the approximate extent of such exposures and their health effects. The principal information on exposures and morbidity will be derived from responses to a postal questionnaire specially developed by the Medical Research Council and the Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, Southampton University. In this paper some of the underlying considerations are described and the iterative process of consultation, refinement and field testing employed in the questionnaire's development. The questionnaire is fully documented in an accompanying appendix. (C) 1998 Academic Press. [References: 11]
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Background: A cross-sectional study was conducted in November 2001 to establish the prevalence rates of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) (Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoea)...
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Background: A cross-sectional study was conducted in November 2001 to establish the prevalence rates of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) (Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoea) in a coalmining town in Mpumalanga. Methods: 155 adults were recruited (79 males and 76 females), by holding community meetings, and by door-to-door recruitment. Saliva and urine specimens were collected for the analysis of HIV and STI prevalence, respectively. Results: The mean age for males was 31.35 years (min = 19 yrs and max = 50 yrs) and the mean age of the female participants was 31.90 years (min = 17 yrs, max = 49 yrs). The prevalence of HIV was found to be 22.78 percent [95 percent CI (14.09-33.59)] in the males vs. 47.37 percent [95 percent CI (35.79-55.16)] in the females, [p = 0.001, OR = 3.05, 95 percent CI (1.49-6.26)]. The prevalence of C trachomatis was 7.90 percent [95 percent CI (2.95-16.39)] in the males vs. 12.86 percent [95 percent CI (6.05-23.00)] in the females, p = 0.324. The prevalence of AC gonorrhoea was 3.79 percent [95 percent CI (0.79-1.08)] in the males vs. 9.86 percent [95 percent CI (4.06-19.26)] in the females, p = 0.137. HIV was significantly associated with C. trachomatis, [p = 0.032, OR = 3.18, 95 percent CI (1.04-9.72)], but was not significant when stratified by gender. HIV was not significantly associated with N.gonorrhoea (p = 0.072) but it was significantly associated when stratified by gender, p = 0.001 for females. There were no significant associations between HIV and age (p = 0.408), even upon stratification by gender. Conclusions: HIV prevalence in this community is high, and corresponds to national figures. However, the prevalence of STIs is surprisingly low as it would be expected to be high in a migrant population. Although communities are exposed to expanding peer-education activities that encourage behaviour change, the prevalence of HIV in this group. There is an argent need for interventions designed to treat or prevent HIV infection in women generally and in women at high risk.
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