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A total of 65 operators involved in lichen mapping studies in central and northwestern Italy underwent quality control tests during five lichen biomonitoring workshops organized between 1999 and 2000. The results showed that 75/10...
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A total of 65 operators involved in lichen mapping studies in central and northwestern Italy underwent quality control tests during five lichen biomonitoring workshops organized between 1999 and 2000. The results showed that 75/100 quantitative accuracy and 90/100 quantitative precision can be regarded as satisfactory levels for lichen biodiversity data; 65/100 proved to be sufficient for accuracy of taxonomic identification in the field. Average correct assignment of the interpretative naturality/alteration class was only 48.7 /100. The results indicated the need for taxonomic training.
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Climatic and soil requirements; sowing and planting systems; transplanting dates; fertilizer and irrigation requirements; weed control methods; harvesting systems; and the incidence and control of fungal, bacterial and virus disea...
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Climatic and soil requirements; sowing and planting systems; transplanting dates; fertilizer and irrigation requirements; weed control methods; harvesting systems; and the incidence and control of fungal, bacterial and virus diseases, insect and mite pests, and disorders in lettuces grown outdoors and under protected cultivation are described, with particular reference to the Veneto region. Data on yield and quality characteristics of cultivars of 5 types of lettuce evaluated in outdoor trials in the region are tabulated.
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To test whether bird assemblages are shifting upwards in their elevational distribution in synchrony with current climate warming and/or habitat changes. A gradient of elevation in the Italian Alps (Alta Valsessera, Piedmont). We ...
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To test whether bird assemblages are shifting upwards in their elevational distribution in synchrony with current climate warming and/or habitat changes. A gradient of elevation in the Italian Alps (Alta Valsessera, Piedmont). We used data from two recent atlas surveys performed on a 1 x 1 km grid at an 11-year interval (1992-94 and 2003-05). We modelled the elevational gradient of avifaunal composition, using a sample-based approach, in an effort to detect evidence for an upward elevational shift of bird zonation. Changes in species richness were controlled for. The results from this analysis were compared with those obtained using a species-based approach. Changes in climate and landscape between the two surveys were assessed using local meteorological data and Corine Land Cover maps, respectively. We detected small avifaunal changes between the two surveys: (1) mean elevations increased for the majority of species, but the average change was not significantly different from zero; (2) the species richness increased, but this was mainly due to an increase in sampling effort; and (3) a change in species composition was detected, which was at the limit of significance and corresponded on average to a 29-m upward elevational shift in the distribution of the avifauna. The shift was the same for open land and forest bird communities. During the same period, the mean temperature increased by c. 1 pC in the area, and a slight trend towards vegetation closure by woody plants was detected. The use of fine-scale breeding bird atlases in mountainous regions, together with ordination methods, provides a sensitive tool to test and measure elevational shifts in species ranges, but the results have to be interpreted carefully. In our case, the observed elevational shift in the distributions of the avifauna cannot unambiguously be attributed to climate warming. This shift is smaller than expected from the regional increase in temperature, which raises the question of how closely bird distributions match climate change.
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Depredation on livestock and wolf pack Canis lupus distribution was investigated in the province of Arezzo, Tuscany, from 1998 to 2001. Although livestock was uniformly distributed, damage level and distribution were focused in th...
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Depredation on livestock and wolf pack Canis lupus distribution was investigated in the province of Arezzo, Tuscany, from 1998 to 2001. Although livestock was uniformly distributed, damage level and distribution were focused in the mountainous area inhabited by wolf packs hence there were huge differences between areas with and without wolves. In the whole province a few farms were persistently affected by predation (6%), and they reported 38% of the total attacks and 37% of the total losses. Surplus killing phenomena involved only sheep and goat farms, affecting 18% of the total. Thirty-five attacks (14% of the total attacks) reported 536 kills (44% of the total livestock killed in the whole province of Arezzo). During the period 1998-2001, compensation costs in the province averaged 86 863 Euros (range: 68 805-99 318 Euros). In the same period, no farmer requested prevention funding from the Tuscan region. During the study period wolf population was stable: wolf packs were distributed on 47% of the whole province (1504 kmpo), with a density estimated at 2.9pl0.7 wolves 100 kmpo.
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A modern Italian factory for making Grana Padano cheese is described, with reference to automation and technological innovations. This new industrial initiative is based on traditional techniques combined with advanced technology,...
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A modern Italian factory for making Grana Padano cheese is described, with reference to automation and technological innovations. This new industrial initiative is based on traditional techniques combined with advanced technology, to safeguard the quality of the product.
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In a field trial in 1998 near Pisa, Italy, potatoes cv. Spunta were covered with polyester film for 30 or 50 days or were not covered, and were harvested 84 or 104 days after planting. In a second trial in 1999, potatoes cv. Monna...
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In a field trial in 1998 near Pisa, Italy, potatoes cv. Spunta were covered with polyester film for 30 or 50 days or were not covered, and were harvested 84 or 104 days after planting. In a second trial in 1999, potatoes cv. Monnalisa, Spunta and Bea were covered for 42 or 55 days or not covered, and were harvested 84, 93 or 133 days after planting. In 1998, total and commercial yields were increased by the shorter mulching period with early harvesting, and were increased slightly by both mulchingtreatments with the later harvesting date. In 1999, average commercial and total yields were greatest with the shorter mulching period, and increased with delay in harvesting. Spunta gave the highest yields and showed the greatest effect of the shorter mulching period, while Bea gave the lowest yields, and showed the greatest reduction in yield by the longer mulching period.
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The article considers the current regime regarding quality standards, pointing out that the sanctions for non-compliance have recently been increased from 4000 to 30 000 lire, which is not generally appreciated, though their poten...
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The article considers the current regime regarding quality standards, pointing out that the sanctions for non-compliance have recently been increased from 4000 to 30 000 lire, which is not generally appreciated, though their potential effectivenessis still questioned. The focus is on the ICE (Institute of External Trade) standards, which relate principally to horticultural products and citrus fruits. The applicable standards are summarized in a number of tables accompanying the article. Official and trade measures to increase awareness of the standards and explain labelling procedures etc. (what should go on labels, e.g.) are described in detail. The conclusion stresses that, while important, labels on their own are not sufficient to retain consumer confidence: steps must be taken to ensure continuous quality maintenance.
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Presence of toxic substances in milk can be a major hygiene problem. Drug residues, mycotoxins, pesticides, and contaminants such as PCBs produced by industrial activity, are some of substances that may cause contamination of milk...
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Presence of toxic substances in milk can be a major hygiene problem. Drug residues, mycotoxins, pesticides, and contaminants such as PCBs produced by industrial activity, are some of substances that may cause contamination of milk throughout the food chain. Their presence is regulated by EU legislation and by Italian legislation, but the overall legislative picture appears complex. In this paper the authors review and summarize the incidence of the most important milk contaminants.
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Making an inference on the absence of a species in a site is often problematic, due to detection probability being, in most cases, <1. Inference is more complicated if detection probability, together with distribution patterns, vary during the year, since the possibility of inferring a species absence, at reasonable costs, may be possible only in certain periods. Our aim here is to show how such challenging situations can be by tackled by applying some recently developed occupancy models combined with sample size (number of repeated surveys) estimation. We thus analysed the distribution of two rodents Myodes glareolus and Mus musculus domesticus in a fragmented landscape in central Italy pointing out how it is possible to identify true absences, non-detections, extinctions/colonizations and determine seasonal values of detection probability....
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Making an inference on the absence of a species in a site is often problematic, due to detection probability being, in most cases, <1. Inference is more complicated if detection probability, together with distribution patterns, vary during the year, since the possibility of inferring a species absence, at reasonable costs, may be possible only in certain periods. Our aim here is to show how such challenging situations can be by tackled by applying some recently developed occupancy models combined with sample size (number of repeated surveys) estimation. We thus analysed the distribution of two rodents Myodes glareolus and Mus musculus domesticus in a fragmented landscape in central Italy pointing out how it is possible to identify true absences, non-detections, extinctions/colonizations and determine seasonal values of detection probability.
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Taleggio cheese production in Italy is discussed, with reference to the consortium of manufacturers (Il Consorzio Taleggio) which was founded in 1979 to protect their interests and guard against the introduction of inferior qualit...
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Taleggio cheese production in Italy is discussed, with reference to the consortium of manufacturers (Il Consorzio Taleggio) which was founded in 1979 to protect their interests and guard against the introduction of inferior quality products, and thedistribution, according to province, of factories producing Taleggio cheese and the quantity of cheese produced during 1991-1999.
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