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Introduces the concept of classification and its various classifications. The article elaborates on the process of classification. The specific uses of library classification are narrated.
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The moth subfamily Dioptinae is almost entirely neotropical. One species-Phryganidia californica-occurs on the west coast of the US, while the remaining taxa are found from Mexico south to northern Argentina and Uruguay. None is k...
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The moth subfamily Dioptinae is almost entirely neotropical. One species-Phryganidia californica-occurs on the west coast of the US, while the remaining taxa are found from Mexico south to northern Argentina and Uruguay. None is known from the Old World. Most dioptines are diurnal as adults, and many exhibit aposematic coloration. A few taxa are nocturnal. Their larval hosts include the families Passifloraceae, Violaceae and Poaceae, plants famous for their use by important butterfly groups. In this paper, a revised generic classification for the Dioptinae is presented. Nearly 17,000 specimens, assembled from 38 private and institutional collections worldwide, form the basis for the First comprehensive analysis of adult morphology in the subfamily. A subset of 115 exemplar species, chosen to represent structural diversity across the Dioptinae, is subjected to detailed morphological Study and cladistic analysis. The resulting matrix includes 305 characters delineated by 938 character states. Cladistic analyses produced a single most parsimonious tree, rooted using three species from the Nystaleinae-the sister-subfamily to the Dioptinae, This phylogenetic hypothesis provides the framework for a revised classification. The 456 species are assigned to 43 genera in two tribes; 10 species are treated as incertae sedis. Twelve genera are synonymized, and seven-Argentala, Chrysoglossa, Nebulosa, Notascea, Pikroprion, Proutieila, and Sagittala-are described as new. The 36 remaining genera are redescribed. Sixteen genera are further Subdivided into species groups. All 574 species-group names of previous authors are addressed; in nearly all cases, primary type material was examined. Forty-seven species are newly synonymized, while 31 names are revived from synonymy. The revised classification includes 118 new combinations. sixty-four Species belonging in 30 different genera are newly described from Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Mexico, Panama, Peru, and Venezuela. An illustrated overview of dioptine morphology is presented, demonstrating remarkable variation in a wide range of structures. Dichotomous keys utilizing external adult anatomy are provided to the tribes, genera, species groups and species. The salient features of each genus are figured and described. Heads, labial palpi, antennae, metathoracic tympani, wing scales, wing venation, and male and female terminalia are shown through line drawings, photographs, and scanning electron micrographs. Each species is diagnosed, its habitus is illustrated in color, type material is notated, and a summary of its known geographical distribution is Presented. General themes, as exemplified by the Dioptinae, are discussed. These include: Estimating species diversity in neotropical Lepidoptera; the evolution of aposematic coloration and mimicry; patterns of host-plant use and the potential utility of characters from immature stages and DNA for further refining our understanding of dioptine evolution.
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This paper describes qualities of a library classification system that are commonly discussed in the LIS tradition and literature, and explains such a system’s three main functions, namely knowledge mapping, information retrieval...
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This paper describes qualities of a library classification system that are commonly discussed in the LIS tradition and literature, and explains such a system’s three main functions, namely knowledge mapping, information retrieval, and shelf arrangement. In this vein, the paper states the functional requirements of bibliographic classifications, which broadly are subject collocation and facilitation of browsing the collection. It explains with details the components of a library classification system and their functions. The major components are schedules, notations, and index. It also states their distinguished features, such as generalia class, form divisions, book numbers, and devices for number synthesis which are not required in a knowledge classification. It illustrates with examples from the WebDewey good examples of added features of an online library classification system. It emphasizes that institutional backup and a revision machinery are essential for a classification to survive and remain relevant in the print and e-environment.
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The aim of this study is to provide an overview the state-of-the-art elements of text classification. For this purpose, we first select and investigate the primary and recent studies and objectives in this field. Next, we examine ...
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The aim of this study is to provide an overview the state-of-the-art elements of text classification. For this purpose, we first select and investigate the primary and recent studies and objectives in this field. Next, we examine the state-of-the-art elements of text classification. In the following steps, we qualitatively and quantitatively analyse the related works. Herein, we describe six baseline elements of text classification including data collection, data analysis for labelling, feature construction and weighing, feature selection and projection, training of a classification model, and solution evaluation. This study will help readers acquire the necessary information about these elements and their associated techniques. Thus, we believe that this study will assist other researchers and professionals to propose new studies in the field of text classification. (C) 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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We complete the classification of hyperbolic pretzel knots admitting Seifert fibered surgeries. This is the final step in understanding all exceptional surgeries on hyperbolic pretzel knots. We also present results toward similar ...
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We complete the classification of hyperbolic pretzel knots admitting Seifert fibered surgeries. This is the final step in understanding all exceptional surgeries on hyperbolic pretzel knots. We also present results toward similar classifications for nonpretzel Montesinos knots of length three.
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Background: The WHO dengue classification 1997 was revised in 2009 and the revised classification system has now been in use for the past decade. This study was carried out to compare the 1997 and revised classifications in assess...
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Background: The WHO dengue classification 1997 was revised in 2009 and the revised classification system has now been in use for the past decade. This study was carried out to compare the 1997 and revised classifications in assessing the severity of dengue infection among all age groups during a dengue outbreak in south-west India.
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The birational classification of algebraic varieties is a central problem in algebraic geometry. Starting with Riemann's theory of curves in the 19th century and the Italian school's theory of surfaces at the turn of the 20th cent...
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The birational classification of algebraic varieties is a central problem in algebraic geometry. Starting with Riemann's theory of curves in the 19th century and the Italian school's theory of surfaces at the turn of the 20th century, passing through Kodaira's classification of complex analytic surfaces and the work of the Russian school under Shafarevich, a rather satisfactory classification was obtained for al-gebraic varieties in low dimensions. The first systematic attempt at a birational classification of algebraic varieties in dimension three and above was due to Iitaka [I1]; from the 1970s onwards, he introduced the notion of the Kodaira dimension of a general algebraic variety, thus taking the first step in the direction of birational classification. Iitaka's many contributions to the subject include the definition of log Kodaira dimension and his additivity conjecture for Kodaira dimension [I2]. These ideas can all be summarized as the Iitaka program.
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This article describes a systematic approach to subgroup classification based on a classification framework and sequential steps involved in the subgrouping process. The sequential steps are stating the purpose of the classificati...
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This article describes a systematic approach to subgroup classification based on a classification framework and sequential steps involved in the subgrouping process. The sequential steps are stating the purpose of the classification, identifying the classification elements, using relevant information, and using clearly stated and purposeful subgroup classification terms. This systematic approach reflects current changes in the field of intellectual disability (ID), the modern and social understanding of ID, and the multiple purposes for classification.
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Associative classification is a supervised classification method. Many experimental studies have shown that associative classification is a promising approach. However, the latter suffer from a major drawback: the huge number of t...
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Associative classification is a supervised classification method. Many experimental studies have shown that associative classification is a promising approach. However, the latter suffer from a major drawback: the huge number of the generated classification rules which takes efforts to select the best ones in order to construct the classifier. To overcome such drawback, we propose in this paper a new direct associative classification method called IGARC, an improvement of GARC approach that extracts directly generic associative classification rules from a training set in order to reduce the number of associative classification rules without jeopardising the classification accuracy. Moreover, we propose an algorithm called PN-GARC that deals with negative classification rules. Considering negated items in classification framework provides additional information describing the data and reduces the conflicts while classifying new objects. Nevertheless, there are a sheer number of rules when considering negated items. That is why, we will explore generic classification rules both negative and positive ones in order to study their behaviour and their usefulness on the studied datasets. A detailed description of IGARC method is presented, as well as the experimentation study on 12 benchmark datasets proving that it is highly competitive in terms of accuracy in comparison with popular classification approaches.
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It is always a pleasure to catch up with an old friend, so it is with Hunter's book. This work has been kept to hand since first published in 1988, then the second edition in 2002, and now in a shiny green cover and a third editio...
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It is always a pleasure to catch up with an old friend, so it is with Hunter's book. This work has been kept to hand since first published in 1988, then the second edition in 2002, and now in a shiny green cover and a third edition. Some 16 pages longer than the second edition this updated classic makes a welcome appearance to carry on the excellent work of the previous editions. The edition has been updated and examples are built from the current editions of the respective classification schemes.
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