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The generic classification of moths of the tribe Macariini Guenee is reviewed critically, and a revised classification is presented. The review is based on a survey of species across the taxonomic and geographical range of the tri...
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The generic classification of moths of the tribe Macariini Guenee is reviewed critically, and a revised classification is presented. The review is based on a survey of species across the taxonomic and geographical range of the tribe. In the new framework, the number of genera is reduced considerably. Two genera are very large: Macaria Curtis (mainly New World) and Chiasmia Hubner (largely Old World) together include over half of all macariine species. Twenty-three genera are accepted in the tribe; the identity of two genera remain uncertain. No single character defines the tribe, but diagnostic features include one or more of the following: the presence of enlarged setae (horns') on the uncus in the male genitalia; a divided valva; and a modified condition of sternum A8 in the male. The taxonomic history of the tribe is reviewed briefly and the problems of previous systems are explained mainly by the regional approach adopted. A diagnosis is presented for each genus.
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Models relating species distributions to climate or habitat are widely used to predict the effects of global change on biodiversity. Most such approaches assume that climate governs coarse-scale species ranges, whereas habitat lim...
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Models relating species distributions to climate or habitat are widely used to predict the effects of global change on biodiversity. Most such approaches assume that climate governs coarse-scale species ranges, whereas habitat limits fine-scale distributions. We tested the influence of topoclimate and land cover on butterfly distributions and abundance in a mountain range, where climate may vary as markedly at a fine scale as land cover. Sierra de Guadarrama (Spain, southern Europe) We sampled the butterfly fauna of 180 locations (89 in 2004, 91 in 2005) in a 10,800 kmpo region, and derived generalized linear models (GLMs) for species occurrence and abundance based on topoclimatic (elevation and insolation) or habitat (land cover, geology and hydrology) variables sampled at 100-m resolution using GIS. Models for each year were tested against independent data from the alternate year, using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) (distribution) or Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (rs) (abundance). In independent model tests, 74% of occurrence models achieved AUCs of > 0.7, and 85% of abundance models were significantly related to observed abundance. Topoclimatic models outperformed models based purely on land cover in 72% of occurrence models and 66% of abundance models. Including both types of variables often explained most variation in model calibration, but did not significantly improve model cross-validation relative to topoclimatic models. Hierarchical partitioning analysis confirmed the overriding effect of topoclimatic factors on species distributions, with the exception of several species for which the importance of land cover was confirmed. Topoclimatic factors may dominate fine-resolution species distributions in mountain ranges where climate conditions vary markedly over short distances and large areas of natural habitat remain. Climate change is likely to be a key driver of species distributions in such systems and could have important effects on biodiversity. However, continued habitat protection may be vital to facilitate range shifts in response to climate change.
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Moths generally rely on pheromone communication for mate finding. The pheromone components of most moths are produced by a common pathway of fatty-acid biosynthesis coupled with species-specific modifications of the final products...
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Moths generally rely on pheromone communication for mate finding. The pheromone components of most moths are produced by a common pathway of fatty-acid biosynthesis coupled with species-specific modifications of the final products. Some genes involved in moth pheromone production have previously been described, whereas others remain to be characterized and thus the molecular mechanisms accounting for the production of species-specific blends are far from understood. The turnip moth, Agrotis segetum, has a multicomponent pheromone, consisting of at least four components derived from palmitic and stearic acid. Different populations produce and respond to different pheromone blends, which makes this species an excellent model for research on genes and molecular mechanisms involved in moth pheromone production. For this purpose, we performed an expressed sequence tag (EST) analysis of two cDNA libraries, one representing the female pheromone gland and the other representing the remainder of the insect body. Among 2285 ESTs analysed altogether, we identified a unigene set of 707 putative gene representatives. The comparative distribution of those in the two libraries showed the transcriptomes of the tissues to be clearly different. One third of the gene representatives were exclusively found in the pheromone gland. From sequence homology to public database information we assigned putative functional roles for a majority of the unigenes and then compared functional profiles of the two tissues. In the set of ESTs more abundant in the pheromone gland library, we found homologues of an acyl-CoA 11-desaturase, a G-protein subunit, a chemosensory protein as well as a juvenile hormone binding protein.
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Направен е кратък литературен преглед на основните ентомологични вредители от разред Lepidoptera при тютюн. Представени са иконом...
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Направен е кратък литературен преглед на основните ентомологични вредители от разред Lepidoptera при тютюн. Представени са икономически важните видове неприятели за територията на България и други страни по света, нанасящи сериозни щети на тютюневите растения в резултат на хранителната си дейност. Представени са предпочитанията към растенията и механизмите на повреда. Разгледани са вредоносните стадии от развитието на вредителите, както и чувствителните органи на тютюна, които се нападат от тях. Представени са някои методики и стратегии на контролна неприятелите.
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Contrary to accepted theories of post-glacial colonisation of the UK approximately 10,000 year BP (yBP), historical population data for Polyommatus bellargus suggests the butterfly was either extremely rare or not present before 1...
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Contrary to accepted theories of post-glacial colonisation of the UK approximately 10,000 year BP (yBP), historical population data for Polyommatus bellargus suggests the butterfly was either extremely rare or not present before 1775. We examined the phylogeography of the species by sequencing the 'hypervariable' mitochondrial control region of UK and French butterflies. Overall, 22 polymorphic nucleotide sites were identified within the control region. French specimens were highly variable, with 17 polymorphic sites, whereas most UK specimens were monomorphic. Average nucleotide diversity was 0.026 (SD 0.016, n = 8) in France, whilst the UK values ranged from 0.00 (n = 6) (for every UK population outside Dorset, n = 43) to 0.01 (SD 0.008, n = 7) (Dorset). The mean number of pairwise differences among the French samples was 7.42, whilst the UK values ranged from 0.00 (all populations except Dorset) to 0.295 (Dorset). One French haplotype differed from the predominant UK version by just a single nucleotide substitution. It seems implausible that the species can have been resident in the UK for 10,000 years without accumulating variation at this mitochondrial region. Thus, the results suggest that either a severe genetic bottleneck or founder event has occurred recently in the UK.
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The scarce heath (Coenonympha hero) is an internationally threatened butterfly in Western Europe, where it occurs primarily on hay fields and abandoned arable land in a small-scale agricultural landscape of south-central Scandinav...
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The scarce heath (Coenonympha hero) is an internationally threatened butterfly in Western Europe, where it occurs primarily on hay fields and abandoned arable land in a small-scale agricultural landscape of south-central Scandinavia. Due to afforestation, this habitat is becoming increasingly fragmented in Sweden, and it can be expected that the scarce heath will decline abruptly when threshold conditions for metapopulation persistence are no longer met. We used stepwise polychotomous logistic regression to compare habitat characteristics and isolation measures for patches that harbour large, small or no populations, respectively, in an area of south-western Sweden. We found that patch area, distance to the nearest large population and amount of Galium spp. explained a significant part of the variation in relative abundance among patches. Distance to nearest large population resulted in a better model to predict occupancy than both distance to the nearest inhabited patch and connectivity, which suggests that primarily large populations act as sources for small satellite populations. Today, sites of three of the eight larger populations in the study area have been planted with spruce or pine and will disappear within 20 years. We argue that the disappearance of these patches may very well lead to rapid extinction of the whole metapopulation system.
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Fifty-nine species of Hadeninae were recorded in Israel, four of which are new for the local fauna: Anarta arenbergeri, Hecatera cappa, Hadena magnolii and Mythimna straminea. About half of the species (27) are of Mediterranean or...
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Fifty-nine species of Hadeninae were recorded in Israel, four of which are new for the local fauna: Anarta arenbergeri, Hecatera cappa, Hadena magnolii and Mythimna straminea. About half of the species (27) are of Mediterranean origin, one third (19)are of eremic origin, and the rest are either Trans-Palearctic (4), Holarctic (1), Afro-Tropical (1) or Irano-Turanian (3). Four species are endemics of the Levant: Orthosia cypriaca, Perigrapha mundoides, A. arenbergeri and Hadula engedina. In Israel, some species shift to different biotopes at their southern Distribution border from what is their usual habitat in the center of Distribution.
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Se presenta una lista de 23 géneros y 47 especies de Lepidoptera de las tres subfamilias de Sphingidae citadas para el Uruguay. Se da una lista de las especies citadas en la bibüografía para el país, al igual que aquellas depo...
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Se presenta una lista de 23 géneros y 47 especies de Lepidoptera de las tres subfamilias de Sphingidae citadas para el Uruguay. Se da una lista de las especies citadas en la bibüografía para el país, al igual que aquellas depositadas en las colecciones entomológicas del Uruguay y los datos de los últimos relevamientos realizados desde la publicación del último catálogo para el Uruguay (BIEZANCO, 1978).
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We describe the chromosome numbers of a monophyletic group of Satyroid subfamilies of primary fruit-attracted butterflies from South America: Charaxinae, Morphinae (including Brassolini) and Satyrinae. The charaxines do not have a...
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We describe the chromosome numbers of a monophyletic group of Satyroid subfamilies of primary fruit-attracted butterflies from South America: Charaxinae, Morphinae (including Brassolini) and Satyrinae. The charaxines do not have a distinct modal number. Their chromosome numbers are in the range n = 6-50, with n = 7-9, n = 12, n = 16, n = 19-21, n = 26, and n = 28-31 being the most common numbers. Within the Morphinae, the Morphini have a modal n = 28 and the Brassolini a modal n = 29, with few exceptions. The Neotropical satyrines, in particular the basal species, have a weak modal n = 29, which is a strong modal number in Palearctic satyrines. The African satyrines have an equally strong modal n = 28. Most Neotropical satyrines have, like charaxines, chromosome numbers lower than the weak modal n = 29, and often half this modal, but there are genera with stable numbers among the satyrines and charaxines. Evidently, the Neotropical satyroids descend from basal Nymphalidae with the typical lepidopteran modal number of n = 31, which have also given rise to the Heliconiini with modal n = 31 and 21 and Ithomiinae with modal numbers of n = 14-15.
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