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A series of experiments examined the anti-black attitudes of whites so as to test a proposed, subtle, indirect attitudinal process by which blacks and other minorities may be victimized while allowing whites to avoid a sense of pe...
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A series of experiments examined the anti-black attitudes of whites so as to test a proposed, subtle, indirect attitudinal process by which blacks and other minorities may be victimized while allowing whites to avoid a sense of personal responsibility for these consequences and even maintain an egalitarian self-image. Generally, each experiment indicates that whites are more likely to discriminate against blacks in which failure to response positively could be attributable to factors other than race. The major findings include: 1. White bystanders are more likely to misattribute emergency generated arousal to a placebo than to an unambiguous emergency when the victim is black than when the victim is white. Hence, black victims were helped less readily when misattribution of arousal was possible. When bystanders did not have the opportunity to misattribute arousal, black and white victims were helped equally. 2. Bystanders alone, help black and white victims equally. However, when other bystanders are believed to be available, bystanders diffuse responsibility more readily (and thus help less frequently) for black than white victims. Heart-rate changes is related to helping and the pattern of heart-rate change parallels the helping behavior measures. 3. White bystanders are more susceptible to conformity pressures to remain inactive during emergencies involving black than white victims. 4. Whites accept help that is offered as frequently from a black partner as from a white partner. However, when help must be actively solicited, whites solicit help less frequently from black than from white partners. 5. Whites respond relatively negatively to black supervisors, regardless of the supervisors competence.
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Contents: The importance of self awareness, Self-concept development, Value clarification awareness, Feelings awareness, Professional role awareness.
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Numerous questions, discussions, concerns, and at times, resistances have accompanied the prospects and the realities of increasing roles for women in the traditionally male-dominated military services. A consideration of the mani...
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Numerous questions, discussions, concerns, and at times, resistances have accompanied the prospects and the realities of increasing roles for women in the traditionally male-dominated military services. A consideration of the manifestations and implications of sex-role ideology in mainstream American Society, and its military micrososms is provided. It is reasoned that consideration is required by the planner of manager who desires to exercise insightful, responsive and constructive influence on dynamics of structural sex role redefinitions in the adapting military social structure. Topics examined include affirmative action, equal opportunity, racism, sexism, acculturation, and exploitation.
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An investigation was made of the degree of role consensus as perceived by a group of psychiatric nurses in a general hospital setting and of the amount of role strain which may be associated with incongruity in role perception. St...
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An investigation was made of the degree of role consensus as perceived by a group of psychiatric nurses in a general hospital setting and of the amount of role strain which may be associated with incongruity in role perception. Statements of activities of psychiatric nurses were used in measurement of role consensus. A questionnaire was used in the study of role strain. Role consensus was found in perception of importance of categories of activities. Categories in order of perceived importance were found to be: Clinical Assistance to Nursing Team Members; Clinical Nursing Care; Provision of a Therapeutic Milieu; Promotion of Good Personal Habits; Joint Planning; Assistance in Utilizing Acceptable Social Behaviors; Counseling, and Appropriate Surrogate Role. Lack of consensus in ratings of individual activities was found in areas of working with community and family, and in consultation with others. Evidence of role strain was found to be prevalent in the area of meeting conflicting demands of various people.
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This study was undertaken to investigate sex stereotypes among working populations. Two forms of stereotypes were differentiated and separately investigated, including sex role stereotypes, or widely held beliefs about the appropr...
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This study was undertaken to investigate sex stereotypes among working populations. Two forms of stereotypes were differentiated and separately investigated, including sex role stereotypes, or widely held beliefs about the appropriateness of different traits to women and men, and sex characteristic stereotypes, or widely held beliefs about the descriptiveness of different traits of the sexes. Subjects included 172 male and 172 female Navy enlisted personnel who were asked to describe the ideal and real Navy enlisted man, woman, and person on the 142 traits listed in the Broverman and Bem Sex Role Questionnaires. Two way analysis of variance and t-tests were used to analyze the data. With respect to sex role stereotyping, it was found that males display a slight tendency to stereotype the ideal woman as appropriately less masculine than the ideal man. Females, on the other hand, appear to be more equalitarian in their perceptions, although they consider a small degree of role reversal desirable in the ideal woman. For both sexes, the overall frequency of sex role stereotyping appears to be greatly diminished by workforce participation. Recommendations are made for future research to determine if the professed equalitarianism of working women and men is evident in their behavior in actual work situations. Additional research also is required to determine if androgyny is a pragmatic goal for individual workers--that is, the extent to which this hypothetical ideal is associated with real occupational success, adjustment, and achievement.
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Three studies explored the role perceptions of samples of Mainstream and Hispanic Navy recruits. Three different methods were used: role differentials, behavior differentials, and stimuli. The total pattern of results across studi...
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Three studies explored the role perceptions of samples of Mainstream and Hispanic Navy recruits. Three different methods were used: role differentials, behavior differentials, and stimuli. The total pattern of results across studies suggested that Mainstream subjects experience both a push out of the family, and a pull toward the family, and a pull toward work roles, the total sum of these forces favoring work roles; Hispanic subjects experience essentially no push out of the family, a strong pull toward the family, and see work roles with considerable ambivalence. The implications of these findings for the Navy are discussed.
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The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act was signed into law in 1974. Sincethat time, the Federal Government has served as a catalyst to mobilize society's social service, mental health, medical, education, legal, and law enfo...
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The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act was signed into law in 1974. Sincethat time, the Federal Government has served as a catalyst to mobilize society's social service, mental health, medical, education, legal, and law enforcement resources to address the challenges in the prevention and treatment of child abuse and neglect. In 1977, in one of its earliest efforts, the National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect (NCCAN) developed 21 manuals (the User Manual Series) designed to provide guidance to professionals involved in the child protection system and to enhance community collaboration and the quality of service provided to children and families. This manual provides the foundation for supervisory practice in CPS. It describes the roles and responsibilities of the CPS supervisor, and it provides practice-oriented advice on how to carry out supervisory responsibilities. This manual is designed primarily for CPS supervisors and administrators. However, because it describes basic supervisory practice, it is relevant to all child welfare supervisors. It may also be useful to child welfare agency staff who provide training for supervisory personnel and to schools of social work as they prepare new social workers for the child welfare field.
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In utility-consistent models of household behavior, it is usually assumed that the household's preferences can be described by a single utility function. If the male and female partner have different preferences, however, only und...
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In utility-consistent models of household behavior, it is usually assumed that the household's preferences can be described by a single utility function. If the male and female partner have different preferences, however, only under stringent conditions can the preferences of the household be represented by a 'representative' household utility function. Although game theory provides an appropriate theoretical framework for a more general approach, attempts to develop empirical models based on a more general decision making framework have yet not been very successful. In the empirical model in the paper the fundamental assumption is that observed allocations are Pareto optimal outcomes of a game being played in the household. In contrast to the simultaneous models for discrete endogenous variables with structural shift, the present model does not require any logical consistency condition on the parameters in order to be statistically meaningful.
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