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As members of democratic institutions, state legislators must frequently collaborate with each other to achieve their varied goals. Given the increased attention to questions of polarization and gridlock, scholars should be partic...
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As members of democratic institutions, state legislators must frequently collaborate with each other to achieve their varied goals. Given the increased attention to questions of polarization and gridlock, scholars should be particularly interested in understanding legislator decisions to collaborate across party lines. This article is primarily concerned with how institutional arrangements-specifically term limits-structure legislators' decisions to cosponsor bills with partisan opponents. Using data on bill cosponsorship from 41 states (82 chambers), we demonstrate that term limits reduce bipartisan cosponsorship even when controlling for average legislative tenure. We argue that term limits accomplish this by altering the incentives that legislators face. In addition, we demonstrate that the effect of term limits depends on the level of legislative professionalization. When professionalization is high, the negative effect of term limits on bipartisan cosponsorship is particularly pronounced.
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Abstract The article examines the concept of legislative backsliding and offers a measurement strategy for its empirical analysis. Legislative backsliding is defined as a move away from liberal democracy in four critical dimension...
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Abstract The article examines the concept of legislative backsliding and offers a measurement strategy for its empirical analysis. Legislative backsliding is defined as a move away from liberal democracy in four critical dimensions of legislative quality, its public policy; legal-constitutional-formal; procedural; and stability aspects. We operationalise each of these dimensions with their separate indices relying on components such as stakeholder consultations, time passed between bill introduction and passing the law as well as results of constitutional reviews. We use qualitative mini case studies from Hungary, widely considered from 2010 on to be a poster child for democratic backsliding, to illustrate the viability of the proposed measurement strategy. We find that laws which show deficiencies in terms of legislative quality exhibit them in not just but several dimensions. Based on the case studies we offer insights into scaling up the law-level analysis to the level of legislative cycles and show how the legislative quality index can be used to measure macro-level legislative backsliding.
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Historically, Florida failed to retain legislative history resources because the Governor was disproportionately involved in the law-making process, the view materials were not very important, and the lack of materials limited the...
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Historically, Florida failed to retain legislative history resources because the Governor was disproportionately involved in the law-making process, the view materials were not very important, and the lack of materials limited their early use for exploration of legislative intent. Once resources became more readily available, Florida court opinions began to explore when legislative history should be introduced as evidence of intent, what materials would be admissible, and how much weight the legislative resources should be afforded. Today, although Florida still has some issues with broad accessibility of historical legislative history material, the Florida courts have acknowledged there are times when these materials need to be considered in determining the proper interpretation of Florida statutes.
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Although limited substantive Oklahoma legislative history is available, recent efforts by the legislature promise to provide additional sources of legislative history. Despite the limited availability of substantive legislative hi...
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Although limited substantive Oklahoma legislative history is available, recent efforts by the legislature promise to provide additional sources of legislative history. Despite the limited availability of substantive legislative history, the Oklahoma Supreme Court has acknowledged that legislative history may be considered in determining the proper interpretation of Oklahoma statutes.
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The International Labour Organization (ILO) is a United Nations agency charged with overseeing international labour standards. The ILO's structure is unique within the UN because its 185 member states send representatives from gov...
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The International Labour Organization (ILO) is a United Nations agency charged with overseeing international labour standards. The ILO's structure is unique within the UN because its 185 member states send representatives from government entities, employers, and worker organizations to debate at the ILO's tripartite forum. The ILO is responsible for drafting and monitoring dozens of international labor conventions, covering topics such as child labor, forced labor, collective bargaining, working hours, and discrimination.
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Nuclear legislations provide an adequate legal basis for pursuing the economic and social benefits of nuclear energy and ionising radiation. Recently, several countries have begun to adapt existing legislations in order to reach a...
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Nuclear legislations provide an adequate legal basis for pursuing the economic and social benefits of nuclear energy and ionising radiation. Recently, several countries have begun to adapt existing legislations in order to reach a comprehensive and unified law covering safety, security, safeguards and liability. This work focuses on nuclear legislations in several countries concerning nuclear activities, regulatory bodies and legally binding instruments. The current status of Egypt in this regard is reviewed and assessed in order to draw a conclusion on its needs concerning nuclear and radiological legislations.
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Environmental Management Systems (EMS) defining a list of requirements that can help organizations to improve their environmental performance. The most common well-known standards are ISO 14001 and EMAS, which both are in a volunt...
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Environmental Management Systems (EMS) defining a list of requirements that can help organizations to improve their environmental performance. The most common well-known standards are ISO 14001 and EMAS, which both are in a voluntary base. Beside the National Legislation in Cyprus (N.761/2001) there is no any relief document that introduced EMAS Regulation (EC) N. 1221/2009. However, there is an increasing pressure on firms, from a number of different sources (i.e. global market requirements, legislative indirect pressure, customer's satisfaction etc.), to engage in environmental management initiatives. The aim of this study is to evaluate the incentives as well as the difficulties that Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs) which are located in Cyprus and other European countries (i.e. Italy, Chez Republic and Slovenia) that are facing during the implementation of EMS. The preliminary results indicated that in the case of Cyprus, there are not any specific regulatory reliefs besides some funding programs to convince SMEs to implement and maintain EMAS as well as ISO 14001. On the other hand, in several EU countries there are some more solids measures to encourage SMEs to adopt EMAS.
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Although power sharing is recognized as being central for fisheries co-management, there is limited knowledge about the types of power shared between government and fishers or the exercise of power by fishers. This paper examines ...
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Although power sharing is recognized as being central for fisheries co-management, there is limited knowledge about the types of power shared between government and fishers or the exercise of power by fishers. This paper examines the powers that fishers nominally hold and actually exercise in fisheries co-management in Tarn Giang Lagoon, Vietnam. The paper starts with an analysis of the policy context supporting decentralization of powers from governments to fishers in Vietnam, and continues with an examination of three types of power relations: legislative, executive and judicial. It shows that power sharing between government and fishers is intended in the design of fisheries co-management in Tarn Ciang Lagoon, but in practice fishers are unable to exercise the shared powers due to lack of legal support and the influence of other policies at higher levels of government This study suggests that policies need to change at the national level to fully support a co-management system and to make fishers' exercise of powers feasible.
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This article is a basic overview of legislative history resources in Louisiana. It also discusses some of the unique aspects of researching legislative history and legislative intent in the United States' only mixed civil law/comm...
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This article is a basic overview of legislative history resources in Louisiana. It also discusses some of the unique aspects of researching legislative history and legislative intent in the United States' only mixed civil law/common law jurisdiction.
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Determining legislative intent is one of the key roles that the judicial system plays in Michigan, and legislative history can be a useful tool for evaluating the intent of the legislature when enacting a law. However, legislative...
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Determining legislative intent is one of the key roles that the judicial system plays in Michigan, and legislative history can be a useful tool for evaluating the intent of the legislature when enacting a law. However, legislative history resources can be difficult to gather, and some resources may not be persuasive in Michigan courts. This article provides a brief description of the Michigan legislative process, the court's view of using legislative history to determine legislative intent, and a list of Michigan legislative history resources.
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