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Quantum detailed balance conditions and quantum fluctuation relations are two important concepts in the dynamics of open quantum systems: both concern how such systems behave when they thermalize because of interaction with an env...
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Quantum detailed balance conditions and quantum fluctuation relations are two important concepts in the dynamics of open quantum systems: both concern how such systems behave when they thermalize because of interaction with an environment.We prove that for thermalizing quantum dynamics the quantum detailed balance conditions yield validity of a quantum fluctuation relation (where only forward-time dynamics is considered). This implies that to have such a quantum fluctuation relation (which in turn enables a precise formulation of the second law of thermodynamics for quantum systems) it suffices to fulfill the quantum detailed balance conditions. We, however, show that the converse is not necessarily true; indeed, there are cases of thermalizing dynamics which feature the quantum fluctuation relation without satisfying detailed balance. We illustrate our results with three examples.
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Electronic detailing (e-detailing) has been introduced in the last few years by the pharmaceutical industry as a new communication channel through which to promote pharmaceutical products to physicians. E-detailing involves using ...
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Electronic detailing (e-detailing) has been introduced in the last few years by the pharmaceutical industry as a new communication channel through which to promote pharmaceutical products to physicians. E-detailing involves using digital technology, such as Internet, video conferencing, and interactive voice response, by which drug companies target their marketing efforts toward specific physicians with pinpoint accuracy. A mail survey of 671 Iowa physicians was used to gather information about the physician characteristics and practice setting characteristics of those who are usually targeted by pharmaceutical companies to participate in e-detailing. A model is developed and tested to explain firms' targeting strategy for targeting physicians for e-detailing.
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Introduction: Academic detailing, an educational outreach that promotes evidence-based practices to improve the quality of care for patients, has primarily been delivered using one-on-one in-person interactions. In 2018, the U. S....
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Introduction: Academic detailing, an educational outreach that promotes evidence-based practices to improve the quality of care for patients, has primarily been delivered using one-on-one in-person interactions. In 2018, the U. S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Pharmacy Benefits Management implemented a pilot virtual academic detailing program to increase naloxone prescribing among veterans at risk for opioid overdose or death. The aim of this evaluation was to compare virtual and in-person academic detailing on naloxone prescribing rates at VA.& nbsp;Methods: A retrospective quasi-experimental pretest-posttest non-equivalent groups design was used to compare virtual academic detailing and in-person academic detailing on naloxone prescribing rates 12 months before and after providers received a naloxone-specific encounter at three VA regional networks between January 1, 2018 to May 31, 2020. Subgroup analysis was performed on rural providers. Generalized estimating equation models were constructed to compare the difference in naloxone prescribing rates before and after receiving virtual or in person academic detailing controlling for provider-level characteristics.& nbsp;Results: Providers who received virtual (N = 67) or in-person (N = 186) academic detailing had significant increases in naloxone prescribing, but the differences in the naloxone rates between the groups were not statistically significant (difference in changes in naloxone rates=+0.63; 95% CI:-2.23, 3.48). Similar findings were reported for rural providers.& nbsp;Discussion: Providers who received naloxone-related in-person or virtual academic detailing had increased naloxone prescribing rates; however, there were no differences between the two types of modalities. Virtual academic detailing is a viable alternative for delivering academic detailing and allows academic detailers to expand their reach to rural providers.
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Hybrid level of detail (LOD) (HLOD) algorithm based on discrete LOD and continuous LOD is presented for real-time rendering of large-scale terrains. There are n HLOD models created off-line, which form a pyramid with n layers. Eac...
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Hybrid level of detail (LOD) (HLOD) algorithm based on discrete LOD and continuous LOD is presented for real-time rendering of large-scale terrains. There are n HLOD models created off-line, which form a pyramid with n layers. Each of these models contains countless versions of the model at various levels of detail. When rendering, the corresponding models in some layer will be chosen. As the viewer's moves, either the continuous LOD algorithm will be applied to the selected models, or the visible models in another layer will be selected. An experiment on a triangular irregular network(TIN) terrain model was performed respectively using discrete LOD, continuous LOD and HLOD. The experimental results show that the HLOD algorithm exceeds the-other two kinds of LOD in frame rate without reduction of terrain's fidelity.
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This paper presents a method for teaching specifications and estimating that emphasizes linkage of drawing content to accompanying specification information to determine project details for estimating and bidding, which are comple...
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This paper presents a method for teaching specifications and estimating that emphasizes linkage of drawing content to accompanying specification information to determine project details for estimating and bidding, which are complete and which incorporate an intent or strategy for their execution. In this approach, the CSI MasterFormat is taught using an organizational approach (one that focuses on how the format is organized and how to find information within its structure) instead of a specification development approach (i.e., those approaches that teach the organizational structure of the CSI MasterFormat by having students develop specification content, then organize and write a specification(s) using the CSI MasterFormat structure). A set of non-CSI MasterFormat based specifications is used for this. Students are required to reorganize the content into specifications using the CSI MasterFormat. Thus, they must read and understand the content, and develop understanding of how CSI MasterFormat specifications are organized; two important learning objectives in Specifications courses. Linkage of specifications and drawing content and proficiency in developing descriptive job details which are complete and include execution strategy are taught and developed using a project that requires students to utilize the content of the specifications they converted into the CSI MasterFormat.
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Despite the promise of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), PrEP remains underutilized, often due to clinician factors. Academic or public health detailing is a process by which university and/or gov...
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Despite the promise of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), PrEP remains underutilized, often due to clinician factors. Academic or public health detailing is a process by which university and/or government groups employ the marketing practices of pharmaceutical companies to improve clinical practice. We describe the novel application of detailing to increase PrEP prescribing and related care in New York City and New England. Detailing can play a crucial role in PrEP implementation.
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<abstract_text><p>When re-synthesizing individual head related transfer functions (HRTFs) with a microphone array, smoothing HRTFs spectrally and/or spatially prior to the computation of appropriate microphone filters may improve ...
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<abstract_text><p>When re-synthesizing individual head related transfer functions (HRTFs) with a microphone array, smoothing HRTFs spectrally and/or spatially prior to the computation of appropriate microphone filters may improve the synthesis accuracy. In this study, the limits of the associated HRTF modifications, until which no perceptual degradations occur, are explored. First, complex spectral smoothing of HRTFs into constant relative bandwidths was considered. As a prerequisite to complex smoothing, the HRTF phase spectra were substituted by linear phases, either for the whole frequency range or above a certain cut-off frequency only. The results indicate that a broadband phase linearization of HRTFs can be perceived for certain directions/subjects and that the thresholds can be predicted by a simple model. HRTF phase spectra can be linearized above 1 kHz without being detectable. After substituting the original phase by a linear phase above 5 kHz, HRTFs may be smoothed complexly into constant relative bandwidths of 1/5 octave, without introducing noticeable artifacts. Second, spatially smoother HRTF directivity patterns were obtained by levelling out spatial notches. It turned out that spatial notches do not have to be retained if they are less than 29 dB below the maximum level in the directivity pattern. (C) 2014 Acoustical Society of America.</p></abstract_text>
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Potentiometric titration and chemical analysis were used to study the solubility of nanoparticles of silver halogenides in Triton N-42 and AOT reverse micelles. It was demonstrated that, over a wide range of sizes, the solubility ...
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Potentiometric titration and chemical analysis were used to study the solubility of nanoparticles of silver halogenides in Triton N-42 and AOT reverse micelles. It was demonstrated that, over a wide range of sizes, the solubility of nanoparticles is close to that of the corresponding bulk precipitates in aqueous systems. The results obtained were interpreted within the framework of the Thompson-Kelvin equation.
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Cast connection joints used in metallurgy do not have enough resistance to high temperatures. Service life of such products can be increased by minor structure improvement with the use of welding technologies. In this article the ...
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Cast connection joints used in metallurgy do not have enough resistance to high temperatures. Service life of such products can be increased by minor structure improvement with the use of welding technologies. In this article the possibility of large-scale product strengthening through welding is presented on the example of a slag pot carrier. The improvement of the pot will allow 3-5 times decreasing of the pot body deformation.
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The practice of detailing in the marketing of prescription drugs is undergoing significant changes. For instance, in September 2013, the Physician Payment Sunshine Act went into full effect. The accompanying transparency requireme...
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The practice of detailing in the marketing of prescription drugs is undergoing significant changes. For instance, in September 2013, the Physician Payment Sunshine Act went into full effect. The accompanying transparency requirements have prompted physician practices and hospitals to severely restrict pharmaceutical sales representatives' direct access to their physicians. Despite all the attention in the popular press, scant scholarly research has investigated how these restrictions on physician access impact physician prescription behavior and competitive detailing to physicians. To analyze the impact of these restrictions, we develop a structural model of how pharmaceutical firms compete dynamically to schedule detailing to physicians. Detailing activities are known to have significant carryover effects that are captured in a first-stage model of physicians' demand for prescription drugs. We also specify detailing policy functions that describe each firm's observed detailing actions. In a second stage, we estimate a model that describes costs of detailing, assuming that the observed detailing levels are consistent with a Markov perfect Nash equilibrium. The estimated structural model is used to examine the implications of restrictions on the amount of detailing via counterfactual simulations. We find that restriction policies would increase the market share of a nondrug-treatment-only option but impact firms asymmetrically; firms that are strong in detailing and/or rely more on detailing would be hurt more. Unexpectedly, a policy that imposes a ceiling on detailing frequency could significantly reduce detailing of all firms in the market, including those firms with average detailing levels below the ceiling, and effectively would soften competition between firms and enhance their profits.
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