摘要 :
This article presents a proposal for a simultaneous competitiveness measurement model for the three geographical levels: country, states, and municipalities. For this, a multivariate factor analysis method is used to help identify...
展开
This article presents a proposal for a simultaneous competitiveness measurement model for the three geographical levels: country, states, and municipalities. For this, a multivariate factor analysis method is used to help identify five factors, seven sub-factors, and thirty variables, which will be used for the measurement and to present the results of an empirical study on eleven entities: the country, the State of Sonora, and nine municipalities, which represent 80% of the population and 80% of their TGP. The results indicate that, in 2010, the municipality of Hermosillo was the most competitive.
收起
摘要 :
Competition policy and conditions of fair competition are central to the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), which became effective on the Is' of January 2021. However, Member States are at different levels with respect ...
展开
Competition policy and conditions of fair competition are central to the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), which became effective on the Is' of January 2021. However, Member States are at different levels with respect to the implementation and adoption of competition reforms, which also implies that the gains from conditions of fair competition under regional and continental integration will be enjoyed differently across the countries. It is, therefore, critical to ensure that the need for countries lagging behind to quickly enhance their competition reform agenda continues to be highlighted. However, it is also pertinent to understand the different motivations that could see African countries adopting competition reforms so that these could be contextualised within the competition advocacy strategies. This study assesses the extent to which the differences in competition reforms across these countries can be explained by the differences in stages of economic development. Using a Vector Error Correction Model for a panel data of 23 countries for the 21-year period, 1998 to 2018, the study demonstrates that there is a long run observable causality of a country's GDP in influencing decision to tighten competition reforms. However, in the short run, this causality is not observable.
收起
摘要 :
The European project that became the EU began in the wake of World War Ⅱ as a way to unite and strengthen a fractured continent. It grew and evolved over the decades to become the EU as we know it today in 1993, following the Maa...
展开
The European project that became the EU began in the wake of World War Ⅱ as a way to unite and strengthen a fractured continent. It grew and evolved over the decades to become the EU as we know it today in 1993, following the Maastricht Treaty coming into force. As an economic entity the EU has grown to become one of the economic superpowers, contributing just short of 20% of the global nominal GDP despite only having just under 6% of the world's population. The principles of the EU as an economic superpower were the removal of barriers and restrictions between many of the most developed economies in the world, allowing them to work collectively to produce, trade, and serve in the global economy. This has meant that for nearly three decades a collection of nearly 30 countries have been able to work with a collective goal in mind, providing a balance to the power of the USA and the growing pull of China. Represented by both the collective heads of state of all the member countries as well as an elected body of ministers, the EU has stood for many as the collective betterment of democratic nations, based on shared values of equality and fairness.
收起
摘要 :
Tolerance and suppression are distinct components of competition among plants, and recognizing how they affect competitive outcomes is important for understanding the mechanisms and consequences of competition. We used simulations...
展开
Tolerance and suppression are distinct components of competition among plants, and recognizing how they affect competitive outcomes is important for understanding the mechanisms and consequences of competition. We used simulations informed by experimental trials to ask whether tolerance or suppression of competitors was more important for the survival of native plants experiencing competition with an exotic invasive species. When competition was pairwise, tolerance and suppression contributed equally to competitive rank in simulations. However, when multiple native genotypes competed together against an invader, the ability to tolerate competition was up to 50 times more important than the ability to suppress the invader. In two-competitor communities the chief advantage of suppressing competitors was a global decrease in their abundance, but this advantage did not exist in communities of multiple competitors - which is more representative of natural conditions - because decreased competitor abundance benefited all plants regardless of their competitive ability. We suggest that this concept is analogous to a 'demolition derby,' an automotive contest where participants attempt to have the last functional vehicle on the playing field. Because strong suppressors share the benefits of eliminating competitors with other remaining competitors, we propose that tolerance of competitors is more beneficial than suppression when competition occurs in a multiplayer scenario - in a demolition derby and in nature. This finding has implications for our understanding of how competition influences plant species coexistence, plant community structure and invasion outcomes.
收起
摘要 :
This study examines the cluster concept and the importance of developing clusters to obtain and sustain competitive advantages, either as a regional competitive factor or to the level of industrial competitiveness.
摘要 :
The modelling of the relationship between innovation and competition through the theory of auction is simplistic. Researchers are re-evaluating previously tenuous assumptions in order to validate these thoughts for empirical use. ...
展开
The modelling of the relationship between innovation and competition through the theory of auction is simplistic. Researchers are re-evaluating previously tenuous assumptions in order to validate these thoughts for empirical use. However, the empirical verifications of this modelling remain fragmented and often unsatisfactory. Our study proposes different empirical approaches by testing the type of competition (Bertrand versus Cournot) between industries and by doing a more rigorous (by incorporating all specifications of auction models including uncertainty, extension of the property rights and capital constraints) and general (by constructing multi-sector data) verification. This paper explores also the rich information of the Community Innovation Survey. It groups together detailed innovation data sets and the patent data from the European Patent Office for France. The constructed data come from 612 firms financed by public Research and Development (R&D) investment (hereafter called public sector) and 3240 firms financed by private R&D investment (hereafter called civil sector). Our results, based mainly on a random coefficient model, illustrate that at the public sector, competition index is not correlated with innovation output. This is consistent with the belief that product market competition does not stimulate product innovation in this sector. At the civil sector, the competition index is positively and strongly correlated with innovation output. This result is expected since innovation for conquering new markets seems to be important for the civil sector. The market drives innovation output.
收起
摘要 :
Competition strongly affects individual effort and performance for both individuals and groups. Especially in work settings, these effort gains might come at the cost of individual well-being. The present study tested whether comp...
展开
Competition strongly affects individual effort and performance for both individuals and groups. Especially in work settings, these effort gains might come at the cost of individual well-being. The present study tested whether competition increases both effort (as indicated by task performance) and stress (in terms of cardiovascular reactivity and affective response), and whether this effect is further qualified by the type of competition (interindividual vs. intergroup), using a cognitive computer-based task and a 2 (Group: Yes, No) × 2 (Competition: Yes, No) × 2 (Gender) factorial design (N= 147). All participants either worked as a representative of a group or as an individual, and were offered performance-related incentives distributed in a lottery. In the competition conditions, participants were informed that they competed with someone else, and that only the winning person/team would take part in the lottery. Consistent with expectations, competition increased both individual effort and cardiovascular reactivity compared to non-competitive work. Moreover, for female participants, intergroup competition triggered increased effort and more positive affect than interindividual competition. Aside from documenting costly side-effects of competition in terms of stress, this study provides evidence for a stress-related explanation of effort gains during intergroup competition as compared to interindividual competition.
收起
摘要 :
Theorists in various fields have viewed corporate success differently depending on their ideological persuasions. This paper attempts to critically review and synthetize the previously fragmented literature around two main approac...
展开
Theorists in various fields have viewed corporate success differently depending on their ideological persuasions. This paper attempts to critically review and synthetize the previously fragmented literature around two main approaches. The first is grounded in traditional economic theory and industrial organization tradition. The second is rooted in a resource and competency-based view of the firm. Both approaches are centered on techno-economic factors of sustainable competitive advantage. Little attention, if any, has been given to top managers' loyalty, high commitment and proactiveness as drivers of competitive advantage. Those top managers' attributes are taken for granted whereas it is mostly alleged that top managers are self-serving, risk-avoider, and not committed to long-term organizational goals. Such practices might have been tolerable until recently, but are untenable under the tremendous pressure of globalization. Using non parametric tests on a Canadian sample, we found evidence of top manager opportunism. However, firms surveyed exhibit various corporate governance safeguards that seem to constrain top managers' misconduct. Along this line, we found that owner-controlled firms are likely to outperform manager-controlled firms.
收起
摘要 :
1. Understanding the role of competition in structuring communities requires that we quantify competitive ability in a way that permits us to predict the outcome of competition over the long term. Given such a clear goal for a pro...
展开
1. Understanding the role of competition in structuring communities requires that we quantify competitive ability in a way that permits us to predict the outcome of competition over the long term. Given such a clear goal for a process that has been the focus of ecological research for decades, there is surprisingly little consensus on how to measure competitive ability, with up to 50 different metrics currently proposed.
收起
原文获取