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After confirmation of two human cases of Rift Valley fever (RVF) in March 2016 in the Kabale district of Uganda, an entomological investigation was conducted with a focus on mosquito species composition and abundance of known and ...
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After confirmation of two human cases of Rift Valley fever (RVF) in March 2016 in the Kabale district of Uganda, an entomological investigation was conducted with a focus on mosquito species composition and abundance of known and potential mosquito vector species, and virus testing to identify species most likely involved in Rift Valley fever virus transmission. This information could be used to forecast risk and facilitate improvement of prevention and response tools for use in preventing or controlling future outbreaks. From these collections, two virus isolates were obtained, one each from a pool of Aedes tricholabis and Ae. gibbinsi. Next-generation sequencing identified both isolates as Wesselsbron virus, family Flaviviridae, a neglected arbovirus of economic importance. These are the first reported Wesselsbron virus isolates from Uganda since 1966.
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Arboviruses are serious pathogens for men but cause little damage to their arthropod vectors. We have studied how a mosquito cell line derived from one of the relevant vectors for arboviruses responds to Bunyamwera virus, a well-c...
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Arboviruses are serious pathogens for men but cause little damage to their arthropod vectors. We have studied how a mosquito cell line derived from one of the relevant vectors for arboviruses responds to Bunyamwera virus, a well-characterized arbovirus. Confocal, live cell microscopy and electron microscopy showed that Bunyamwera virus induces deep changes in mosquito cells. Early in infection these cells develop long projections and create new intercellular connections where cell organelles and viral proteins are detected. Live cell microscopy shows that these connections are developed before viral protein can be detected by immunofluorescence. Interestingly, their proliferation is accompanied by a progressive trapping of the nucleocapsid and RNA polymerase viral proteins into large cytoplasmic aggregates. A significant drop in the release of infectious virions then follows. Before that, numerous viruses assemble in peripheral Golgi stacks and they apparently exit the cells immediately since they do not accumulate intracellularly. This mechanism of assembly seems to cause little damage to the integrity of cell endomembranes. The characterization of the antiviral mechanisms operating in mosquito cells can be of great help in the fight against pathogenic arboviruses.
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Backgrounds: For centuries, arboviruses have been spreading like a wildfire across the world, especially in developing countries like Nigeria with inadequate diagnostic and disease surveillance facilities, causing infinite death a...
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Backgrounds: For centuries, arboviruses have been spreading like a wildfire across the world, especially in developing countries like Nigeria with inadequate diagnostic and disease surveillance facilities, causing infinite death and suffering in human and animal populations. Therefore, this study aimed to discuss the impact of arboviruses on public health with a focus on Nigeria and West Africa. Materials & Methods: About 100 research articles were downloaded from online journal databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and African Journals OnLine (AJOL) with the following keywords: arboviruses, emerging, public health importance, Nigeria, and Africa. Findings: A total of 50 articles were used to write this review after a thorough screening. Arboviral infections caused by yellow fever, Rift Valley fever, West Nile, dengue, and chikungunya viruses were reported in Nigeria and discovered based on seroprevalence studies. Conclusion: Hemorrhagic fever, abortion, neonatal death, and decreased production in livestock are the most obvious features of arboviral infections; therefore, they are of public health and economic importance. Thus, there is a need to strengthen and refurbish the healthcare system in the country by employing preventive and control measures, vaccination campaigns, and other strategies to prevent the occurrence of diseases in the future. ? 2022, TMU Press.
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Highlights ? The emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) presents new challenges to both clinicians and public health authorities. ? The signs or symptoms in the patients with laboratory-confirmed ZIKV were rash, arthralgia, fever, myalgia...
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Highlights ? The emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) presents new challenges to both clinicians and public health authorities. ? The signs or symptoms in the patients with laboratory-confirmed ZIKV were rash, arthralgia, fever, myalgia, and non-purulent conjunctivitis. ? In patients with laboratory-confirmed DENV infections, rash, fever, myalgia, headache and arthralgia were observed. ? Clinical and epidemiological criteria alone are not a good tool for ZIKV and DENV differentiation. Abstract Background The emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV) presents new challenges to both clinicians and public health authorities. Overlapping clinical features between the diseases caused by ZIKV, dengue (DENV) and chikungunya (CHIKV) and the lack of validated serological assays for ZIKV make accurate diagnosis difficult. Brazilian authorities largely rely on clinical and epidemiological data for the epidemiological and clinical classifications of most ZIKV cases. Objective : To report the laboratory and clinical profiles of patients diagnosed with Zika fever based only on clinical and epidemiological data. Study design We analyzed 433 suspected cases of ZIKV identified by the attending physician based on proposed clinical criteria. The samples were also screened for ZIKV, DENV and CHIKV using PCR. Results Of the 433 patients analyzed, 168 (38.8%) were laboratory-confirmed for arboviruses: 96 were positive for ZIKV, 67 were positive for DENV (56 for DENV-2, 9 for DENV-1, and 2 for DENV-4), four were positive for co-infection with ZIKV/DENV-2, and one was positive for CHIKV. The most common signs or symptoms in the patients with laboratory-confirmed ZIKV were rash (100%), arthralgia (77.1%), fever (74.0%), myalgia (74.0%) and non-purulent conjunctivitis (69.8%). In patients with laboratory-confirmed DENV infections, the most frequently observed symptoms were rash (100%), fever (79.1%), myalgia (74.6%), headache (73.1%) and arthralgia (70.1%). The measure of association between clinical manifestations and laboratory manifestations among patients with ZIKV and DENV detected a statistically significant difference only in abdominal pain ( p =0.04), leukopenia ( p =0.003), and thrombocytopenia ( p =0.01). Conclusion Our data suggests that clinical and epidemiological criteria alone are not a good tool for ZIKV and DENV differentiation, and that laboratory diagnosis should be mandatory.
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### Summary box On 20 September 2022, the Ugandan Ministry of Health declared an Ebola Sudan virus disease (SVD) outbreak in the Mubende District of the country, with one confirmed SVD death and six probable deaths reported in the...
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### Summary box On 20 September 2022, the Ugandan Ministry of Health declared an Ebola Sudan virus disease (SVD) outbreak in the Mubende District of the country, with one confirmed SVD death and six probable deaths reported in the region since 1 September 2022.1 Since 2017, and with funding from the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development through the KfW Development Bank, the East African Community (EAC) together with the Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine established a network of nine mobile EAC laboratories embedded within the National Public Health Laboratories (NPHLs) of six EAC Partner States (Tanzania, Kenya, Burundi, Rwanda, South Sudan and Uganda).2 3 These field-deployable mobile laboratories have the capacity to diagnose risk group four pathogens, such as SVD. The EAC project was conceived in response to the West African Ebola epidemic and the EAC mobile laboratories were designed based on the blueprint of the European Mobile Laboratories (EMLabs, www.emlab.eu), which were successfully deployed to Guinea in 2015.
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Since it was first raised more than 20 years ago 1, therehas been increasing concern about the potential impactsof climate change on mosquito-borne viral diseases inAustralia. This has generated a number of predictionsand projecti...
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Since it was first raised more than 20 years ago 1, therehas been increasing concern about the potential impactsof climate change on mosquito-borne viral diseases inAustralia. This has generated a number of predictionsand projections on the effect of global warming on theincidence and spread of Australian arboviruses. Thesehave been discussed recently by Russell 2 and Jacobsand colleagues 3 and thus need not be repeated in detailhere. In addition, it was also the topic of a previous`In Focus' article 4. This paper will briefly focus on thecomplex interplay between climate-associated factorswhich may affect the incidence and spread of mosquito-borne viruses, and show how these factors may influencethe ecologies of the major Australian arboviruses.
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Chikungunya, dengue, yellow fever and Zika viruses share many attributes. All are complex and widespread zoonoses of subhuman primates that have made successful transitions to the urban Aedes aegypti transmission cycle. More impor...
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Chikungunya, dengue, yellow fever and Zika viruses share many attributes. All are complex and widespread zoonoses of subhuman primates that have made successful transitions to the urban Aedes aegypti transmission cycle. More important, they have an established record of travelling, having moved from their place of origin hundreds of years ago, sometimes repeatedly. Understanding their epidemiology requires a knowledge of past behaviors including unexplained restraints to their travel. This is a review of mechanisms that may contribute to invasiveness and pathogenicity of these important human pathogens.
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Recent El Nino events have stimulated interest in the development of modeling techniques to forecast extremes of climate and related health events. Previous studies have documented associa- tions between specific climate variable ...
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Recent El Nino events have stimulated interest in the development of modeling techniques to forecast extremes of climate and related health events. Previous studies have documented associa- tions between specific climate variable (particularly temperature and rainfall) and outbreaks of arboviral disease. In some countries, such diseases are sensitive to El Nino. Here we describe a cli- mate-based model for the prediction of Ross River virus epidmics in Australia.
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Background There is limited knowledge on the influence of concurrent coinfections on the clinical presentation of Zika virus (ZIKV) disease. Methods To better understand the types, frequencies and clinical manifestations of ZIKV c...
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Background There is limited knowledge on the influence of concurrent coinfections on the clinical presentation of Zika virus (ZIKV) disease. Methods To better understand the types, frequencies and clinical manifestations of ZIKV coinfections, we did a systematic review of four databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, LILACS) without restrictions for studies on ZIKV coinfections confirmed by nucleic acid (quantitative real-time-PCR) testing of ZIKV and coinfecting pathogens. The review aimed to identify cohort, cross-sectional, case series and case report studies that described frequencies and/or clinical signs and symptoms of ZIKV coinfections. Conference abstracts, reviews, commentaries and studies with imprecise pathogen diagnoses and/or no clinical evaluations were excluded. Results The search identified 34 articles from 10 countries, comprising 2 cohort, 10 cross-sectional, 8 case series and 14 case report studies. Coinfections were most frequently reported to have occurred with other arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses); out of the 213 coinfections described, ZIKV infections co-occurred with chikungunya in 115 cases, with dengue in 68 cases and with both viruses in 19 cases. Other coinfecting agents included human immunodeficiency, Epstein-Barr, human herpes and Mayaro viruses, Leptospira spp, Toxoplasma gondii and Schistosoma mansoni . ZIKV-coinfected cases primarily presented with mild clinical features, typical of ZIKV monoinfection; however, 9% of cases in cohort and cross-sectional studies were reported to experience complications. Conclusion Based on the evidence collated in this review, coinfections do not appear to strongly influence the clinical manifestations of uncomplicated ZIKV infections. Further research is needed to confirm whether risk of severe complications is altered when ZIKV infection co-occurs with other infections. PROSPERO registration number CRD42018111023.
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Western tourists are increasingly traveling to exotic locations often located in tropical or subtropical regions of the world. The magnitude of international travel and the constantly changing dynamics of arbovirus diseases across...
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Western tourists are increasingly traveling to exotic locations often located in tropical or subtropical regions of the world. The magnitude of international travel and the constantly changing dynamics of arbovirus diseases across the globe demand up-to-date information about arbovirus threats to travelers and the countries they visit. In this review, the current knowledge on arbovirus threats to global travelers is summarized and prioritized per region. Based on most common clinical syndromes, currently known arboviruses can be grouped to develop diagnostic algorithms to support decision-making in diagnostics. This review systematically combines and structures the current knowledge on medically important travel-related arboviruses and illustrates the necessity of a detailed patient history (travel history, symptoms experienced, vaccination history, engaged activities, tick or mosquito bite and use of repellent and onset of symptoms), to guide the diagnosis.
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