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Neue Zulassungsgrundsaetze des Deutschen Instituts fuer Bautechnik verbreitern die Einsatzmoeglichkeiten fuer Kleinklaeranlagen und stellen die gewohnten Begruendungen fuer den kommunalen Anschluss- und Benutzungszwang in Frage. S...
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Neue Zulassungsgrundsaetze des Deutschen Instituts fuer Bautechnik verbreitern die Einsatzmoeglichkeiten fuer Kleinklaeranlagen und stellen die gewohnten Begruendungen fuer den kommunalen Anschluss- und Benutzungszwang in Frage. Sie dokumentieren eine technische Weiterentwicklung bei der Behandlung von Kommunalabwasser und geben damit Anlass zur Frage nach einer entsprechenden Anpassung der wasserrechtlichen Anforderungen an diesen Stand der Technik. Die Rechtsgrundlagen fuer den Einsatz von Kleinklaeranlagen sind insgesamt sehr kompliziert und beduerfen insbesondere hinsichtlich der Wartungsanforderungen einer Vereinfachung.
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Background: In this study quality and quantity characteristics wastewater of hospitals, clinics and health centers of Arak city and the potential impacts of them on Arak wastewater plant investigated. Methods: In this cross-sectio...
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Background: In this study quality and quantity characteristics wastewater of hospitals, clinics and health centers of Arak city and the potential impacts of them on Arak wastewater plant investigated. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, which done during 2011-2012, the quantity and quality of wastewater via point of COD,BOD5, pH, TKN, PO4and also heavy metals in the hospitals, clinics and health center of Arak were studied. Then, the effects of these pollutants as equal to person on wastewater convey system and wastewater treatment plant were assisted. Results: Monitoring of BOD5, TKN, and PO4 indicated that the daily disposal rate of these pollutants were equal 778.14, 102.7, and 53.6 kg/d, respectively, which equal to 15763, 51351, and 6700 person, respectively. The average water consumption of these centers was equal to 8.2l/s, and the estimated measure of produced wastewater was6.14 l/s. Also, after analysis the measure of heavy metals, Hg production (99.331 g/d) was more than other heavy metals, and the next rank was related to Zn (41.96 g/d) and Ag (41.96g/d), respectively. Conclusion: Although existence pretreatment process units can help to decrease the side effects of produced wastewater, this kind of wastewater needs complete treatment. Discharge of this kind wastewater to absorption trenches led to adverse health impacts in future. Therefore, a construction separate wastewater treatment plants and proper operation of these systems can reduce ecosystem impacts of wastewater discharges.
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Environmental policy in China is compelling industries to treat their wastewater to a level that can be released into the domestic sewer system or even for reuse. However, many industrial branches are lacking space for traditional...
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Environmental policy in China is compelling industries to treat their wastewater to a level that can be released into the domestic sewer system or even for reuse. However, many industrial branches are lacking space for traditional wastewater plant. Hence, electrokinetics wastewater treatment is a viable alternative as it is fast and does not require large apace. Thus, a prototype of electrokinetic wastewater treatment industrial-size device has been designed, constructed and tested under real conditions. In this paper the device is described and the results obtained from the operation of the device are presented and discussed..
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By 2050, the UK government plans to create ‘Net zero society’.~( 1 )To meet this ambitious target, the deployment of low carbon technologies is an urgent priority. The low carbon heat recovery technologies such as heat recovery ...
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By 2050, the UK government plans to create ‘Net zero society’.~( 1 )To meet this ambitious target, the deployment of low carbon technologies is an urgent priority. The low carbon heat recovery technologies such as heat recovery from sewage via heat pump can play an important role. It is based on recovering heat from the sewage that is added by the consumer, used and flushed in the sewer. This technology is currently successfully operating in many cities around the world. In the UK, there is also a rising interest to explore this technology after successful sewage heat recovery demonstration project at Borders College, Galashiels, Scotland.~( 2 )However, further experimental research is needed to build the evidence base, replicate, and de-risk the concept elsewhere in the UK. The Home Energy 4 Tomorrow (HE4T) project at London South Bank University was created to address this evidence gap. This is the fourth article in the series of outputs on sewage heat recovery and presents some results using sewage data from the UK’s capital London. These data are scarce and provide useful information on the variation of flows and temperatures encountered in the sewers of the UK’s capital. Lastly, we discuss the recoverable heat potential along with policy implications for the UK heat strategy. Practical application This work focuses and accentuate that in order to meet climate change targets, substantial improvements can come by heat recovery from the raw (influent) and treated wastewater (effluent from wastewater treatment plant) that is still unexploited in the UK. The estimation presented indicates that there is much theoretical potential in the UK with significant opportunity for future energy and revenue retrieval along with GHGs emission reduction in the longer term to fulfil the ‘net zero’ objective. This work aims to raise awareness and seek support to promote pilot scale studies to help demonstrate technical and economic feasibility in the building industry.
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Wastewater from commercial manufacture of organophosphate (OP) pesticide of O-methyl-O-(2-isopropyl salicylate) thiophosphorusyl amide contains large amounts of organophosphate, organic sulfides, COD and NH_3—N. A treatment proce...
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Wastewater from commercial manufacture of organophosphate (OP) pesticide of O-methyl-O-(2-isopropyl salicylate) thiophosphorusyl amide contains large amounts of organophosphate, organic sulfides, COD and NH_3—N. A treatment process including acidic hydrolysis and precipitation was explored in this paper. The effects of initial pH values, hydrolysis temperature and hydrolysis time on the removal of pollutants were investigated. The experimental results showed that, in the hydrolysis, with the decreasing initial pH value, the removal of OP, sulfide and COD rose whereas the NH_3—N removal declined. Increased hydrolysis temperature and time favored the removal of all the pollutants. 15.0 wt% Ca(OH)_2 was sufficient for the removal of inorganic phosphorus and residual NH_3—N in the precipitation step. With this chemical process, the removal of total phosphorus (TP), organophosphate, sulfides and NH_3—N exceeded 90%, and the removal of COD was about 60%. The BOD_5/COD value was greatly improved from 0.05 to 0.3, and the bio-degradability of the wastewater was greatly improved. The NH_3 generated in the process was absorbed with water and might be reused in the manufacture of the pesticide. The results showed that this comprehensive process is effective for the treatment of this typical unbio-degradable pesticide wastewater.
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Synthetic wastewaters are widely used in many fields of wastewater research and operational management. However, few comparative studies have been conducted on the large number of published formulations. Eleven synthetic formulati...
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Synthetic wastewaters are widely used in many fields of wastewater research and operational management. However, few comparative studies have been conducted on the large number of published formulations. Eleven synthetic formulations simulating municipal wastewaters were selected based on their frequency of use, relative complexity, ease of formulation and cost and compared to two real municipal wastewaters. Synthetic wastewaters vary significantly in their compositions and characteristics, especially in terms of alka linity, BOD K_1 SOUR, BOD_u, COD/BOD and C/N/P ratio, although they are portrayed as 'typical' in terms of character istics and suitability for use. The pH, alkalinity and the pres ence of Ca and Mg should be considered in combination with the diluent used. Where the diluent is tap water, then the presence of treatment chemicals should also be considered. The effects of the micronutrients present are also an important factor. The study found that no single formulation is appro priate for all situations. Both the Syntho and Synthes formula tions attempt to simulate real wastewater, whereas other for mulations primarily act as readily biodegradable vectors for toxicity analyses, characterisation studies and treatment pro cess evaluations. The criteria for choosing a particular syn thetic wastewater very much depend on its intended applica tion and require careful selection.
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This paper traces developments in understanding the practice of wastewater use, particularly of untreated wastewater, downstream of cities. The challenge for global assessments is discussed in the light of findings of a recent mul...
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This paper traces developments in understanding the practice of wastewater use, particularly of untreated wastewater, downstream of cities. The challenge for global assessments is discussed in the light of findings of a recent multi-country survey that attempted to understand the drivers and characteristics of wastewater irrigation in developing countries. The findings are used to show that applying a harmonized typology is a challenge that may not be necessary as measures of magnitude rather than exact data are often sufficient to bring issues to the policy agenda. Some key findings that characterize wastewater agriculture are presented, and the paper concludes that irrigation with untreated wastewater is a common reality of probably increasing concern, which requires not only conventional but also in particular alternative health risk reduction approaches.
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This paper traces developments in understanding the practice of wastewater use, particularly of untreated wastewater, downstream of cities. The challenge for global assessments is discussed in the light of findings of a recent mul...
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This paper traces developments in understanding the practice of wastewater use, particularly of untreated wastewater, downstream of cities. The challenge for global assessments is discussed in the light of findings of a recent multi-country survey that attempted to understand the drivers and characteristics of wastewater irrigation in developing countries. The findings are used to show that applying a harmonized typology is a challenge that may not be necessary as measures of magnitude rather than exact data are often sufficient to bring issues to the policy agenda. Some key findings that characterize wastewater agriculture are presented, and the paper concludes that irrigation with untreated wastewater is a common reality of probably increasing concern, which requires not only conventional but also in particular alternative health risk reduction approaches.
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In the present paper, a thin-film composite polymeric nanofiltration (NF) membrane is examined for the tertiary treatment of secondary-treated two-phase olive mill wastewater, in substitution of the reverse osmosis membrane used i...
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In the present paper, a thin-film composite polymeric nanofiltration (NF) membrane is examined for the tertiary treatment of secondary-treated two-phase olive mill wastewater, in substitution of the reverse osmosis membrane used in previous work by the Authors. Overcoming the deleterious fouling phenomena persistently encountered in membrane processes managing wastewater streams was indeed pursued. Setting the adequate parameters of the operating variables - that is, operating at ambient temperature upon a net pressure equal to 13 bar (P_c), tangential crossflow in the order of 2.55 m s~(-1) to attain enough turbulence over the membrane, and above the point of zero charge (pH ＞ 5.8) of the membrane - ensured high steady-state permeate productivity (59.6 L h~(-1) m~(-2)), also economically sustainable in time owed to minimization of the fouling-build up rate (0.91 h~(-1)). Moreover, these conditions also provided high feed recovery (90%) and significant rejection efficiencies for the electro-conductivity (58.1%) and organic matter (76.1%). This led to a purified permeate stream exiting the NF membrane operation exhibiting average EC and COD values equal to 1.4 mS cm~(-1) and 45 mg L~(-1). This permits complying with the water quality parameters established by different regulations for discharge public waterways and irrigation purposes.
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Wastewater (WW) carry considerable amount of chemicals that could have mutagenic or cytotoxic effect from hospital discharges to aquatic environment. Our objective was to determinate the possible mutagenic and toxic effects of hos...
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Wastewater (WW) carry considerable amount of chemicals that could have mutagenic or cytotoxic effect from hospital discharges to aquatic environment. Our objective was to determinate the possible mutagenic and toxic effects of hospital originated WWs and effectiveness of the wastewater treatment plants (WTP) functions. In the study the mutagenic and cytotoxic potential of three hospitals and influent/effluent of a treatment plant WW collected in Istanbul and was examined using AMES, XTT, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays. Mutagenic effects were detected at both hospital discharges and advanced biological wastewater plant. We observed no cytotoxic effect in fibroblasts for LDH and XTT assays whereas high cytotoxicity for all samples was found in hepatocytes by XTT assay. According to the results even if advanced technology is used for treatment of WW, mutagenic and cytotoxic effects still remain, and the present technologies need to be further improved.
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