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The planning stage of any research project is one of the most important stages in the research process. This article offers insight into the important issues a researcher needs to consider when planning his or her research, includ...
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The planning stage of any research project is one of the most important stages in the research process. This article offers insight into the important issues a researcher needs to consider when planning his or her research, including how to develop a research protocol, obtaining research funding, seeking academic, peer and social support, gaining research ethics and governance approval and planning a research schedule. Careful planning ensures that the research project is achievable and can be completed on time, with the funding available. UNDERTAKING A RESEARCH project is a complex and time-consuming process. The project may have many elements, conducted over a prolonged period of time. Successful research projects result from researchers taking the time to plan each stage of the research process in advance of starting the research itself. For student researchers, such planning can make the difference between completing a project within the limited time available and the need to seek an extension for their research, or even failing their course. For more experienced researchers, poor planning may result in poor research or flawed results. This may damage the researcher's reputation, reduce his or her chances of obtaining research funding in future, and reflect badly on his or her institution. Careful planning allows the researcher to manage his or her time more effectively and helps to ensure the quality of his or her research. The aim of this article is to consider the main issues that a researcher should consider when planning their research, including developing a research protocol, research funding, academic, peer and social support, gaining research ethics and governance approval, and developing a research schedule. Developing a research protocol The most important stage in planning a research project is developing a research protocol. This is a document that describes what the proposed research is about, what the researcher is trying to find out, how the research will be done and what may be learned from the research (Cryer 2006). The terms 'protocol' and 'proposal' are often used interchangeably, but for the purposes of this article, the term 'protocol' is used throughout. Many researchers consider developing a research protocol to be the most important phase in the research process because it requires the researcher to clarify his or her intentions and communicate these to others (Punch 2006). The researcher should present a reasoned argument outlining the need for the research and a clear description of how the research will be conducted (Taylor 2010). The time taken to develop a thorough research protocol is never time wasted, and can help to ensure timely completion of a project.
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University research capacity building has now become an increasingly important task in both developed and less developed countries. In this capacity building endeavour, research late-developer universities in particular need to de...
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University research capacity building has now become an increasingly important task in both developed and less developed countries. In this capacity building endeavour, research late-developer universities in particular need to develop a sound research organizational structure. However, what elements are needed in organizing and structuring university research has rarely been discussed systematically. Applying Mintzberg's (1979) theory on the structuring of organizations, this study sheds light on the generic parameters of organizing and structuring research. Five of the more visible parameters consist of: (1) create research positions; (2) create research management positions; (3) decide primary organizational units for research delivery; (4) create a research office; and (5) create research oversight committees. The five less visible parameters are: (1) develop rules for research integrity; (2) develop rules and procedures for managing the lifecycle of a research project; (3) develop a mechanism for evaluating the quality of research outcomes; (4) prepare researchers and research managers for the necessary skills and knowledge; and (5) decide vertical and horizontal decentralization. We argue that institutions that pay close attention to these ten management and organisational tasks for creating an environment in which research can flourish are more likely to be successful in building and/or enhancing their overall research capacity than other institutions.
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Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to discuss how service, as an interdisciplinary area of research, can increase its potential for transdisciplinary contributions from the perspective of what signifies intra-, multi-, inter-,...
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Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to discuss how service, as an interdisciplinary area of research, can increase its potential for transdisciplinary contributions from the perspective of what signifies intra-, multi-, inter-, and transdisciplinary research.
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The paper aims to explore and identify the contributions to the literature available about trends in science and technology research at various levels. Design/methodology/approach - A deep scan of literature was carried out in an ...
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The paper aims to explore and identify the contributions to the literature available about trends in science and technology research at various levels. Design/methodology/approach - A deep scan of literature was carried out in an attempt to identify considerable works that have been published concerning various facets related to science and technology research. Varied search terms like "research", "research and research output", "science and technology research", "research collaboration", "research in universities", "importance of science and technology research", "issues in research", etc. were used for retrieving the literature from a range of online scholarly databases, search engines and allied web sources. Findings - The literature review reveals that a considerable amount of literature has been published related to science and technology research. However, keeping in view immense advancements and innovations in science and technology, scholarly output is still in its emergent phase. Practical implications - It is apparent from the study of existing literature that there is still vast scope for advanced exploration on the topic and the study paves the way for the concerned organizations and institutions (like universities, libraries and publishers) at national and international level to take substantial measures to boost research in the field of science and technology. Originality/value - The paper is the first ordered and makes an endeavour to review the literature and provides a summary of emerging trends in science and technology research.
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Research often fails to find its way into practice or policy in a timely way, if at all. Given the current pressure and pace of health care change, many authors have recommended different approaches to make health care research mo...
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Research often fails to find its way into practice or policy in a timely way, if at all. Given the current pressure and pace of health care change, many authors have recommended different approaches to make health care research more relevant and rapid. An emerging standard for research, the “5 R’s” is a synthesis of recommendations for care delivery research that (1) is relevant to stakeholders; (2) is rapid and recursive in application; (3) redefines rigor; (4) reports on resources required; and (5) is replicable. Relevance flows from substantive ongoing participation by stakeholders. Rapidity and recursiveness occur through accelerated design and peer reviews followed by short learning/implementation cycles through which questions and answers evolve over time. Rigor is the disciplined conduct of shared learning within the specific changing situations in diverse settings. Resource reporting includes costs of interventions. Replicability involves designing for the factors that may affect subsequent implementation of an inter-vention or program in different contexts. These R’s of the research process are mutually reinforcing and can be supported by training that fosters collaborative and reciprocal relationships among researchers, implementers, and other stake-holders. In sum, a standard is emerging for research that is both rigorous and relevant. Consistent and bold application will increase the value, timeliness, and applicability of the research enterprise.
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The National Institute of Nursing Research's (NINR) Research Centers program is an extramural funding approach to increase research capability in nursing science by supporting skilled new investigators and promoting collaboration ...
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The National Institute of Nursing Research's (NINR) Research Centers program is an extramural funding approach to increase research capability in nursing science by supporting skilled new investigators and promoting collaboration between groups and across institutions, through shared resources and expertise. The Committee for the Assessment of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Centers of Excellence Programs (Manning, McGeary, & Estabrook, 2004, p. 1) confirmed the value of Centers in "supporting research that benefits from a multidisciplinary, team-based approach, especially research aimed at understanding complex biomedical systems, and for translating basic scientific discoveries into useful clinical application."
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Although we are increasingly reaping the benefits of qualitative studies, their approach and that of quantitative studies remain rather separate. Emergency medicine practitioners thrive off research in context as we deal with such...
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Although we are increasingly reaping the benefits of qualitative studies, their approach and that of quantitative studies remain rather separate. Emergency medicine practitioners thrive off research in context as we deal with such an undifferentiated population however quantitative ‘hard-science’ work is conspicuous for its absence of positionality. This contrasts strongly with the way in which qualitative research, within the domain of so-called soft-science literature, uses positionality as an integral element of the research process. Without contextualising the researcher and research environment in qualitative studies, often the meaning of any research output is lost. What follows is that positionality does not undermine the truth of such research, instead it defines the boundaries within which the research was produced. ? The absence of positionality when considered alongside the notion of bias, may challenge the quantitative idea of validity.
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Research is increasingly important for the delivery of the best possible paediatric care and in the training of healthcare professionals. Many young clinicians are now looking for some way of becoming involved in research during t...
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Research is increasingly important for the delivery of the best possible paediatric care and in the training of healthcare professionals. Many young clinicians are now looking for some way of becoming involved in research during their training, and some will wish to develop a formal academic component to their career or study for a higher postgraduate degree. Research funding is essential to enable high quality research, but training in how to apply for such funding is limited. While it is no substitute for detailed guidance and support from a trusted and experienced research colleague, this article aims to provide practical guidance for new researchers setting out to write their first grant proposal. It stresses the importance of being proactive in selecting the correct research environment, ensuring adequate support and supervision and identifying the necessary knowledge and expertise needed to deliver the project efficiently and effectively. It also highlights the important steps involved in developing a proposal, writing and submitting the application, and provides suggestions for maximizing chances of success. Whilst the focus of this article is based upon the authors' experience in the UK, the general principles are more widely applicable to healthcare professionals working with babies, children and young people everywhere.
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Located within the recently emerged field of researcher development, this article represents an attempt to make a key theoretical contribution to its knowledge base through a conceptual analysis. It presents as propositional knowl...
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Located within the recently emerged field of researcher development, this article represents an attempt to make a key theoretical contribution to its knowledge base through a conceptual analysis. It presents as propositional knowledge an original theoretical model of the componential structure of researcher development, as interpreted and defined stipulatively by the author. Three key components are identified: behavioural development, attitudinal development, and intellectual development. Each of these is further deconstructed to reveal its sub-components, of which eleven in total are identified, including: processual change; perceptual change; analytical change; and comprehensive change. Drawing upon examples of qualitative data found in the literature, as well as her own experience, the author demonstrates the model's potential as an analytical framework for enhancing our understanding of what researcher development is and how it occurs. This knowledge is invaluable to university research administrators. In particular, it is important that research administrators recognise the width of researcher development: much more than changing observable behaviour and increasing productivity and output, it also involves changing viewpoints, mindsets and perceptions, and increasing intellectual capacity.
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Action research (AR) involves one or more researchers and a client organisation. Many guidelines for and reports of the research method have been published. However, the ethical issues associated with AR have been largely neglecte...
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Action research (AR) involves one or more researchers and a client organisation. Many guidelines for and reports of the research method have been published. However, the ethical issues associated with AR have been largely neglected. Our review of the AR literature found that ethical dilemmas and their resolution are rarely and inconsistently reported. Stimulated by this neglect and our personal experiences, we aim to raise awareness and understanding about the ethics of planning, conducting and reporting AR. We identify and discuss four issues of concern that merit specific ethical attention when conducting AR: collaboration, competence, persistence and consent. We draw on these four issues in an analysis that augments the principles and criteria for canonical AR (CAR), recently reified as Integrated Action Research (lAR). Our guidance includes an additional principle of AR and 10 associated criteria to address the ethics of AR participation.
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