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OBJECTIVE: To study the dynamic processes that drive development of childhood overweight by examining the effects of prenatal characteristics and early-life feeding (breastfeeding versus bottle feeding) on weight states through ag...
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OBJECTIVE: To study the dynamic processes that drive development of childhood overweight by examining the effects of prenatal characteristics and early-life feeding (breastfeeding versus bottle feeding) on weight states through age 7 years. We test a model to determine whether prenatal characteristics and early-life feeding influence the development of a persistent early tendency toward overweight and/or whether prenatal characteristics and early-life feeding factors influence the likelihood that children will change weight states as they get older. METHODS: Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth's Child-Mother file were used to implement these analyses. A total of 3022 children were included in this sample. For inclusion in this sample, valid information on height and weight during 3 consecutive interviews when the child was aged 24 to 95 months as well as valid data on prenatal and birth characteristics were needed. The primary outcome measure was childhood overweight (BMI >95th percentile). Multivariate logistic models and first-order Markov models were estimated. RESULTS: Early development of childhood overweight was associated with race, ethnicity, maternal prepregnancy obesity, maternal smoking during pregnancy, and later birth years. In later years, the factor that contributed the most to being overweight was having been overweight in the previous observation period. However, with conditioning on the child's having been overweight in the previous observation period, the prenatal factors that contributed to early childhood overweight, except for birth cohort, were also associated with development of overweight among children who had previously been normal weight and perpetuated the persistence of overweight over time. CONCLUSIONS: This research suggests that prenatal characteristics, particularly race, ethnicity, maternal smoking during pregnancy, and maternal prepregnancy obesity, exert influence on the child's weight states through an early tendency toward overweight, which then is perpetuated as the child ages. These findings are intriguing as they provide additional clues to the genesis of childhood overweight and suggest that overweight prevention may need to begin before pregnancy and in early childhood.
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Previous studies on overweight and obesity among indigenous peoples in Canada have been inconclusive. A systematic review was conducted on the prevalence of overweight and obesity among Canadian indigenous populations. Major bibli...
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Previous studies on overweight and obesity among indigenous peoples in Canada have been inconclusive. A systematic review was conducted on the prevalence of overweight and obesity among Canadian indigenous populations. Major bibliographic databases were searched for relevant studies published between January 1990 and June 2013. We reviewed 594 abstracts and included 41 studies in the meta-analyses. Using the heterogeneity test (Cochrane Q) results, the overall prevalence was estimated using fixed- or random-effects model. Nonadults (<18years) had a pooled prevalence of overweight and obesity at 29.8% (95% CI: 25.2-34.4) and 26.5% (95% CI: 21.8-31.3), respectively. The pooled prevalence of overweight and obesity among adults were 29.7% (95% CI: 28.2-31.2) and 36.6% (95% CI: 32.9-40.2), respectively. Adult males had higher overweight prevalence than females (34.6% vs. 26.6%), but lower obesity prevalence (31.6% vs. 40.6%). Nonadult girls had higher prevalence than boys [overweight: 27.6%; 95% CI: 22.6-32.7vs. 24.7%; 95% CI: 19.0-30.5; obesity: 28.6%; 95% CI: 20.3-36.9vs. 25.1%; 95% CI: 13.8-36.4]. Nonadult Inuit had the highest overweight and lowest obesity prevalence. Although Inuit adult had the lowest prevalence of overweight (28.7%; 95% CI: 27.3-30.2) and obesity (32.3%; 95% CI: 25.5-39.1), it was relatively high. This study highlights the need for nutritional intervention programs for obesity prevention among indigenous populations in Canada.
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Healthy eating habits and regular physical activity are essential to the health and well-being of all adolescents. Data from the 1997 Youth Risk Behavior Survey and Surveillance, however, showed that among high school adolescents ...
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Healthy eating habits and regular physical activity are essential to the health and well-being of all adolescents. Data from the 1997 Youth Risk Behavior Survey and Surveillance, however, showed that among high school adolescents in California, only 32.5 percent were eating five or more servings of fruits and vegetables per day. More than onequarter of the adolescents surveyed ate more than two servings of foods typically high in fat during the day preceding the survey. At the time of the survey, 54.4% of California adolescents were enrolled in a physical education class, and, of those, only 38.1 percent attended daily. These findings have likely contributed to the 60 percent overall increase in obesity in the last two decades among adolescents 12 to 19 years old in the United States. They also emphasize the importance of continuing primary prevention efforts throughout adolescence)
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Summary Background Body mass index is the most often used indicator of obesity but does not distinguish between lean and fat mass. Adiposity at the same body mass index differs across ethnic groups. Objectives The twofold aim of t...
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Summary Background Body mass index is the most often used indicator of obesity but does not distinguish between lean and fat mass. Adiposity at the same body mass index differs across ethnic groups. Objectives The twofold aim of this study was to determine whether body mass index (BMI)‐based references are correlated with body fat percentage (%BF) in a pluri‐ethnic population of Pacific Islanders and to assess the diagnostic accuracy of these references by using the percentage of body fat as the gold standard. Methods Height and weight were obtained, and triceps and subscapular skinfold thicknesses were measured in a sample of 796 adolescents (11–16?years) from the three main ethnic groups in New Caledonia: Melanesian, European and Polynesian. %BF was derived from the Slaughter equations, and BMI z score was calculated by using various international and national references. Results Melanesian teens had lower %BF compared with their European counterparts for the same BMI z score. Whatever the BMI‐based reference used to detect overfatness (%BF >25% for boys and >30% for girls), sensitivity was higher in Melanesian adolescents, while specificity was higher in their European counterparts. Diagnostic accuracy was better in Melanesian compared with European adolescents. Conclusions This study shows that Melanesian adolescents have lower %BF than their European counterparts for the same BMI z score. Therefore, the diagnostic accuracy of BMI to detect overfatness is related to ethnicity. Whatever the BMI‐based reference, sensitivity was higher in the Melanesian group, while specificity was higher in the European group.
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The clinical manifestations of overweight/obesity are heterogeneous and complex. In contrast to metabolically unhealthy overweight/obese (MUO), a particular sub-group of obese patients who are considered as metabolically healthy o...
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The clinical manifestations of overweight/obesity are heterogeneous and complex. In contrast to metabolically unhealthy overweight/obese (MUO), a particular sub-group of obese patients who are considered as metabolically healthy overweight/obese (MHO), display favorable metabolic profiles characterized by high levels of insulin sensitivity, normal blood pressure, as well as favorable lipid, inflammation, hormone, liver enzyme, and immune profiles. While only a few available studies focused on the metabolic files underlying the obese phenotypes, the current review aimed to perform a systematic review of available studies focusing on describing the metabolomic signature between MUO and MHO. We did the systematic search for literature on MEDLINE (PubMed), the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and searched for the references of relevant manuscripts from inception to 29 May 2020. After critical selection, 20 studies were eligible for this systematic review and evaluated by using QUADOMICS for quality assessment. Eventually, 12 of 20 studies were classified as "high quality". Branched-chain amino acids (isoleucine, leucine, and valine), aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine and tyrosine), lipids (palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid), and acylcarnitines (propionyl carnitine) levels might be elevated in MUO. The current results suggested that MHO showed a favorable trend in the overall metabolic signature. More longitudinal studies are needed to elaborate deeply on the metabolic pathway and the relationship between metabolic patterns and the occurrence of the disease.
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Objectives To investigate the impact of grandparent's co-residence and dietary knowledge on the overweight and obesity risk among school-age children in China. Methods Data of 790 children aged 7-15 years were retrieved from the C...
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Objectives To investigate the impact of grandparent's co-residence and dietary knowledge on the overweight and obesity risk among school-age children in China. Methods Data of 790 children aged 7-15 years were retrieved from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). Co-residential status was evaluated using household and individual ID. Dietary knowledge was assessed using 17 dietary statements, which was scored by participants. Three principal factors were extracted by factor analysis. Logistic regression analysis was applied to examine the influence of grandparent's co-residence and dietary knowledge on the weight status of the child. Results The overweight and obesity incidence of the children increased significantly when they co-reside with two grandparents (OR=1.447, 95CI: 1.001-2.090, p=0.049). Mother's dietary knowledge regarding to protein-related food choices (PT) scored higher was associated with the increased risk (OR=1.270, 95CI: 1.059-1.523, p=0.010). For grandmother's dietary knowledge, the higher score in balanced food consumption (BF) was associated with the decreased overweight and obesity risk (OR=0.456, 95CI: 0.294-0.706, p<0.001). Grandfather's dietary knowledge in BF showed the similar result (OR=0.454, 95CI: 0.271-0.759, p=0.003). Conclusions Living with two grandparents is associated with higher overweight and obesity risk, but grandparents with an adequate knowledge in the balanced food consumption may decrease the risk.
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Background: Independent associations between screen time (ST)/physical activity (PA) and overweight (OW)/obesity have been demonstrated but little research exists on the role of ST among sufficiently active children. Purpose: To e...
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Background: Independent associations between screen time (ST)/physical activity (PA) and overweight (OW)/obesity have been demonstrated but little research exists on the role of ST among sufficiently active children. Purpose: To examine the combined influence of ST and PA on risk of OW/obesity in a nationally representative sample of 9-year-old Irish children. Methods: The sample in this cross sectional analysis contained 8568 children. Self-report parent data were used to group children into ST and PA categories and related to OW/obesity using forced entry logistic regression. Results: High ST (> 3 hours/day), bedroom TV and mobile phone ownership increased risk of OW/obesity in high and low active children (P < .05). Low PA (<9 bouts fortnightly) was also associated with OW/obesity. In combined analyses, OW/obesity was lowest in the reference low ST/high PA group with ORs of 1.38, 1.63, and 2.07, respectively, in the low ST/low PA, high ST/high PA, and high ST/low PA groups. Access to electronic media, low socioeconomic status, parental obesity, and not engaging in sports were all related to high ST (P < .05). Conclusion: This study supports findings that ST is associated with OW/Obesity demonstrating this separately in high and low active children.
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The objective of this study was to examine the prevalence of obesity and overweight in urban school children in Kochi, Kerala, South India. Three schools from the city were selected representing upper, middle and lower socioeconom...
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The objective of this study was to examine the prevalence of obesity and overweight in urban school children in Kochi, Kerala, South India. Three schools from the city were selected representing upper, middle and lower socioeconomic groups and the children aged 6–15 years of age were interviewed. The prevalence of obesity was 3.0% for boys and 5.3% for girls. The prevalence of obesity (7.5%) and overweight (21.9%) were highest among high income group and lowest (1.5% and 2.5%) among low income group. Prevalence of obesity and overweight was found to be higher in the high income group and among girls.
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The prevalence of obesity is increasing, and the origins of obesity and metabolic dysfunction may be traced back to fetal life. Currently, overweight pregnant women are advised to substitute sugar-sweetened beverages with diet dri...
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The prevalence of obesity is increasing, and the origins of obesity and metabolic dysfunction may be traced back to fetal life. Currently, overweight pregnant women are advised to substitute sugar-sweetened beverages with diet drinks containing artificial sweeteners. Recent evidence suggests that the consumption of artificial sweeteners during pregnancy increases the risk of obesity in the child, but the mechanism is unknown. We hypothesized the transportation of artificial sweeteners across the placenta into the fetal circulation and the amniotic fluid. We included 19 pregnant women who were given an oral dose of acesulfame, cyclamate, saccharin, and sucralose immediately before a planned caesarean section. Nine women were included as controls, and they refrained from an intake of artificial sweeteners. The maternal and fetal blood and amniotic fluid were collected during the caesarean section, and concentrations of artificial sweeteners were measured using mass spectrometry. We found a linear relationship between the fetal plasma concentrations of artificial sweeteners and the maternal plasma concentrations, with adjusted coefficients of 0.49 (95% CI: 0.28-0.70) for acesulfame, 0.72 (95% CI: 0.48-0.95) for cyclamate, 0.51 (95% CI: 0.38-0.67) for saccharin, and 0.44 (95% CI: 0.33-0.55) for sucralose. We found no linear relationship between amniotic fluid and fetal plasma concentrations, but there were positive ratios for all four sweeteners. In conclusion, the four sweeteners investigated all crossed the placenta and were present in the fetal circulation and amniotic fluid.
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