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? 2021 Elsevier LtdPeople living in the Balsas River basin in southwest México domesticated maize from the bushy grass teosinte. Nine thousand years later, in 2021, Ms. Deb Haaland — a member of the Pueblo of Laguna tribe of New...
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? 2021 Elsevier LtdPeople living in the Balsas River basin in southwest México domesticated maize from the bushy grass teosinte. Nine thousand years later, in 2021, Ms. Deb Haaland — a member of the Pueblo of Laguna tribe of New Mexico — wore a dress adorned with a cornstalk when she was sworn in as the Secretary of Interior of the United States of America. This choice of garment highlights the importance of the coevolution of maize and the farmers who, through careful selection over thousands of years, domesticated maize and adapted the physiology and shoot architecture of maize to fit local environments and growth habits. Some traits such as tillering were directly selected on (arches), and others such as tassel size are the by-products (spandrels) of maize evolution. Here, we review current knowledge of the underlying cellular, developmental, physiological, and metabolic processes that were selected by farmers and breeders, which have positioned maize as a top global staple crop.
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Significant lifts in profitability have been achieved by New Zealand dairy farmers through the inclusion of increasing amounts of maize silage into a pasture based system. Most of this maize is grown off the dairy unit on farmer o...
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Significant lifts in profitability have been achieved by New Zealand dairy farmers through the inclusion of increasing amounts of maize silage into a pasture based system. Most of this maize is grown off the dairy unit on farmer owned or leased runoffblocks or by contract growers. While there is still significant scope to improve dairy farm productivity by increasing maize silage input levels, there is considerable opportunity to also improve dairy farm productivity by reducing feed costs through improving maize silage yields, increasing milk output by lifting maize silage nutritional quality and improving agronomic stability of maize silage offering higher yields over a wider environmental range. Traditional plant breeding, genetic engineering andadvances in agronomic management all have the potential to impact production potential and profitability of maize silage in New Zealand dairy farm systems.
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In vast swathes of Sub-Saharan Africa, maize is the staple food with consumption of up to 450 g/person/day. Additionally, maize is used as a weaning food for infants as well as for special ceremonies, caring for the sick, aged and...
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In vast swathes of Sub-Saharan Africa, maize is the staple food with consumption of up to 450 g/person/day. Additionally, maize is used as a weaning food for infants as well as for special ceremonies, caring for the sick, aged and pregnant women. Malnutrition persists in regions with heavy maize consumption, partly due to compositional maize characteristics, nutrient loss during processing and consumer preferences. This paper reviews the traditional uses and processing of maize, opportunities and necessary improvements to ensure (micro)nutrient security. Better use of maize can enhance its contribution to meeting the dietary needs and livelihood of Africa's growing populace.
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Field trials were conducted from 2007 to 2010 to compare grain fumonisin levels among non-Bi maize hybrids and Bt hybrids with transgenic protection against manual infestations of European corn borer (ECB) and Western bean cutworm...
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Field trials were conducted from 2007 to 2010 to compare grain fumonisin levels among non-Bi maize hybrids and Bt hybrids with transgenic protection against manual infestations of European corn borer (ECB) and Western bean cutworm (WBC). HPLC and ELISA were used to measure fumonisin levels. Results of the methods were highly correlated, but ELISA estimates were higher. Bt hybrids experienced less insect injury, Fusarium ear rot, and fumonisin contamination compared to non-Bt hybrids. WBC infestation increased fumonisin content compared to natural infestation in non-Bt and hybrids expressing CrylAb protein in five of eight possible comparisons; in CrylF hybrids, WBC did not impact fumonisins. These results indicate that WBC is capable of increasing fumonisin levels in maize. Under WBC infestation, CrylF mitigated this risk more consistently than CrylAb or non-Bf hybrids. Transgenically expressed Bt proteins active against multiple lepidopteran pests can provide broad, consistent reductions in the risk of fumonisin contamination.
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Maize production in the U.S. was about 316 million metric tons in 2010. That amount is expected to increase in the future due to greater yields/hectare and more hectares planted. From 1950 until 2006 the supply of maize grain was ...
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Maize production in the U.S. was about 316 million metric tons in 2010. That amount is expected to increase in the future due to greater yields/hectare and more hectares planted. From 1950 until 2006 the supply of maize grain was much greater than demand. Government programs supplemented farmers, enabling them to produce abundant amounts of maize grain at low prices. The low prices of maize grain encouraged feeding large amounts to livestock and poultry. As late as 2000, 60% of maize grain produced was fed to livestock and poultry. The development of the fuel ethanol industry has changed both the price of maize grain and the usage by livestock and poultry. In 2010 only 42.9% of U.S. maize grain was fed to livestock and poultry while 41.8% was used for fuel ethanol production, and 11.2% for food. There are two byproducts from fuel ethanol production that replace some of the maize grain, especially in cattle production-distillers grains and maize gluten feed. Both of these byproducts are very well utilized by cattle. Depending upon plant production logistics, distillers grains has 110-140% the feeding value of the maize grain replaced and maize gluten feed has 100-110% the feeding value of maize grain. Values are less for lactating dairy cows but both byproducts serve as excellent protein sources. Byproducts replace 35-45% of the maize grain used to produce fuel ethanol. Essentially all of the cattle in the U.S. are "finished" on diets containing 80-85% concentrates. In the past the concentrates were comprised primarily of maize grain but now are a mixture of maize and byproducts. In the US the forage part of the corn plant is utilized in three ways. Some is harvested as whole plant maize silage. The silage is used as both an energy source and a roughage source in feedlot diets. Maize silage is also used to "background" cattle. This term is used to describe a growing phase based on forages prior to cattle being placed on "finishing" diets. The second use of maize forage (referred to as residue) is residue harvest after grain harvest and fed as a roughage source in finishing diets or mixed with wet byproducts and fed as an energy source to "background" cattle or beef cows. The other use of the maize "residue" is through grazing after grain harvest. Beef cows or backgrounding calves are placed on the maize fields after grain harvest where they select the higher quality forage components and any residual grain left in the field after harvest. Residual grain in residue is of high quality and selected first by the cattle. The husk is palatable and highly digested while the leaf is palatable but not as digestible. Quality of the diet declines with time of grazing because the higher quality parts are selected first. Generally, about 15% of the residue is consumed leaving 85% for erosion control and soil organic matter. Under this system beef cows need little supplementation while growing calves need supplementation of both protein and energy to yield economical growth
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Maize is one of the most important staple food and cash crops that are largely produced by majority of smallholder farmers throughout the humid and sub-humid tropic of Africa. Despite its significance in the household food securit...
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Maize is one of the most important staple food and cash crops that are largely produced by majority of smallholder farmers throughout the humid and sub-humid tropic of Africa. Despite its significance in the household food security and income, diseases, especially Maize Lethal Necrosis and Maize Streak, have been significantly affecting production of this crop. This paper offers a dataset of well curated images of maize crop for both healthy and diseased leaves captured using smartphone camera in Tanzania. The dataset is the largest publicly accessible dataset for maize leaves with a total of 18,148 images, which can be used to develop machine learning models for the early detection of diseases affecting maize. Moreover, the dataset can be used to support computer vision applications such as image segmentation, object detection and classification. The goal of generating this dataset is to assist the development of comprehensive tools that will help farmers in the diagnosis of diseases and the enhancement of maize yields thus eradicating the problem of fod security in Tanzania and other parts in Africa.
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This paper explores the economic implications of fall armyworm (FAW) and its management strategies by exploiting exogenous variation in FAW exposure amongst households in southern Ethiopia. We find that FAW exposure affects maize ...
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This paper explores the economic implications of fall armyworm (FAW) and its management strategies by exploiting exogenous variation in FAW exposure amongst households in southern Ethiopia. We find that FAW exposure affects maize yield and sales negatively, but not consumption. Furthermore, we find evidence of crowding-in and intensification of insecticide use in response to FAW exposure. We also find suggestive evidence that existing extension service arrangements lack the capacity to deal with emerging threats such as FAW. Results imply that targeted interventions aimed at improving the effectiveness of control measures and institutional capacity would be key to reduce the adverse effects of FAW.
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As part of efforts to explore environmental friendly alternatives to synthetic chemicals, aqueous extracts of Azadirachta indica, Caralluma tuberculata, Allium sativum, Curcuma longa, Citrulus colocynthis and Calotropis procera we...
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As part of efforts to explore environmental friendly alternatives to synthetic chemicals, aqueous extracts of Azadirachta indica, Caralluma tuberculata, Allium sativum, Curcuma longa, Citrulus colocynthis and Calotropis procera were used to investigate the entomotoxicity of selected plant materials against maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais in stored maize. In order to investigate the effect of selected plant materials on the mortality of maize weevil, maize seeds (20g) were treated with 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3% v/w of aqueous extracts in the laboratory of Entomology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan under controlled environmental conditions of 27 ± 1 0 C and 65 ± 2% R.H and 12: 12 hour dark: light regimes. Experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design with five replications. The adult mortality of S. zeamais was recorded after 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 7 days, 14 days and 21days, post exposure time period. The A. indica and C. longa plant aqueous extracts were found more toxic to adult maize weevil compared to other plant extracts recording (95%) and (91%) mortality at 3% concentration whereas; minimum adult mortality was recorded in C. procera (26%) at 3% concentration after 21 days’ time span compared with control (2%). The toxicity of the selected plant materials increased with increase in the concentration and exposure period. It is concluded from the present findings that the aqueous extracts of A. indica and C. longa can be used as safe alternative to chemical insecticides for the management of maize weevil under storage conditions.
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The objectives of this study were to analyse the maize diversity in the southeast of Coahuila State in Mexico and to identify a representative subset that encompasses the majority of the diversity in the region of study. Seventy-s...
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The objectives of this study were to analyse the maize diversity in the southeast of Coahuila State in Mexico and to identify a representative subset that encompasses the majority of the diversity in the region of study. Seventy-seven native maize populations were first explored and given a race classification followed by a morphological description based on selected quantitative ear traits using 10 representative ears from the collected samples. The differences between maize populations from the adaptation area and the relationships between and within groups in the region of study indicate the usefulness of the ear traits to describe maize diversity. Two main groups were identified that summarized the maize diversity. The first group, the conical ear complex, includes populations adapted to highland altitudes (Conico Norterio Race). The second group, the cylindrical ear complex, represents populations adapted to lowland and intermediate altitudes (Raton and Tuxperio Norterio). Using the phenogram, a subset of 18 out of the 77 maize populations (23.4%) was defined that accounts for the variation between and within the different race complexes. This subset also includes at least one representative population from each of the less represented types. The final subset, representing a sample of maize diversity, can be used to establish strategies for conservation and use, such as participatory conservation and management, or it can be used to develop breeding techniques for improving the land race populations within the region of study.
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The winter (rabi) maize with its high productivity potential has opened up a viable alternative. Cultivation during winter is becoming a common practice in peninsular India (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu) as well as in ...
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The winter (rabi) maize with its high productivity potential has opened up a viable alternative. Cultivation during winter is becoming a common practice in peninsular India (Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu) as well as in north-eastern plains. Bihar has already substituted wheat cultivation in several parts with winter maize and has registered an impressive growth in maize production in recent years. Due to its potential to yield as high as 10-12 tonnes/ha and possibilities of further increase in productivity substantially up to 18 tonnes/ha with better management, the winter maize cultivation is increasing not only in Bihar but in other states also. In the following discussion, an attempt has been made to summarize the potential and prospects of winter-maize cultivation.
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