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Species conservation efforts are increasingly using genetic diversity and phylogeny to inform policy decisions. Evolutionary distinctiveness (ED), which estimates genetic diversity based on phylogenetic branch lengths and species ...
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Species conservation efforts are increasingly using genetic diversity and phylogeny to inform policy decisions. Evolutionary distinctiveness (ED), which estimates genetic diversity based on phylogenetic branch lengths and species richness, is commonly used to prioritize species conservation. Large-scale studies of ED in amphibians have reported correlations among threatened status, area of distribution and habitat lost. However, conservation priorities based on ED could be more impactful for clades with high species richness, as well as considering the risk factors associated with species vulnerability in a local setting. We implemented comparative phylogenetic methods and multivariate regression to test the factors influencing species threatened status in a large clade of frogs within the subfamily Hylinae. We present the most comprehensive molecular phylogeny for the group, including 139 species, 265 individuals, and 12 additional species that were not previously studied. Additional data for each species includes (1) conservation status on the IUCN red list; (2) evolutionary distinctiveness; (3) species distribution in square kilometers; and (4) elevation profiles. Using a Phylogenetic General Linear Model to test the relationships among these variables, we found a significant correlation between threatened status and elevation. The threatened status of species was not correlated with ED or distribution area, which is inconsistent with large-scale studies spanning multiple families. By taking evolutionary history into account and testing for relationships between IUCN threatened status and factors at a regional scale, we provide new information for redirecting tree frog conservation efforts in the Neotropics.
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In this paper we present a phylogenetic analysis of the treefrogs of the Boana pulchella Group with the goals of (1) providing a rigorous test of its monophyly; (2) providing a test of relationships supported in previous studies; ...
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In this paper we present a phylogenetic analysis of the treefrogs of the Boana pulchella Group with the goals of (1) providing a rigorous test of its monophyly; (2) providing a test of relationships supported in previous studies; and (3) exploring the relationships of the several species not included in previous analyses. The analyses included>300 specimens of 37 of the 38 species currently included in the group, plus 36 outgroups, exemplars of the diversity of Boana and the other genera of the hylid tribe Cophomantini. The dataset included eight mitochondrial genes (12S, 16S, CytB, COI, ND1, tRNA(Ile), tRNA(Leu), and tRNA(Val)) and five nuclear genes (RHO, TYR, RAG-1, CXCR4, SIAH1). The phylogenetic analyses recover the monophyly of the B. pulchella Group with lower support than previous studies, as a result of the inclusion of the B. claresignata Group, which is recovered as its sister taxon. Within the B. pulchella Group, the inclusion of almost all species of the group had little impact on previous notions of its phylogeny, except for the rejection of the hypothesized B. polytaenia Clade (B. goiana and B. phaeopleura are nested in the clade here called the B. prasina Clade), which is redefined. Phylogenetic support is strong for five major clades, which collectively include all but three of the species sampled: the B. balzani Clade (B. aguilari, B. balzani, B. gladiator, B. melanopleura, B. palaestes), the redefined B. polytaenia Clade (B. botumirim, B. buriti, B. cipoensis, B. jaguariaivensis, B. leptolineata, B. polytaenia, B. stenocephala, and two undescribed species), the B. prasina Clade (B. bischoffi, B. caingua, B. cordobae, B. goiana, B. guentheri, B. marginata, B. phaeopleura, B. prasina, B. pulchella, and one undescribed species), the B. riojana Clade (B. callipleura, B. marianitae, B. riojana), and the B. semiguttata Clade (B. caipora, B. curupi, B. joaquini, B. poaju, B. semiguttata, B. stellae, and two undescribed species). The monophyly of the B. prasina + B. riojana Clades, and that of the B. polytaenia + B. semiguttata Clades are well-supported. The relationships among these two clades, the B. balzani Clade, B. ericae + B. freicanecae, and B. cambui (representing the deepest phylogenetic splits within the B. pulchella Group) are recovered with weak support. We discuss the phenotypic evidence supporting the monophyly of the B. pulchella Group, and the taxonomy of several species, identifying three new synonyms of Boana polytaenia, one new synonym of Boana goiana, and one new synonym of B. riojana.
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A new species of Scinax of central Brazil, closer to the Scinax maracayá (Cardoso & Sazima), from the Cerrado biome (open formations) is described. This new species is characterized by the following combination of traits: moderate size (males 28.4-30.8 mm snout vent length); presence of several flash orange-yellowish transversal stripes on thigh; vocal sac well developed; snout acuminate in profile; advertisement call...
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A new species of Scinax of central Brazil, closer to the Scinax maracayá (Cardoso & Sazima), from the Cerrado biome (open formations) is described. This new species is characterized by the following combination of traits: moderate size (males 28.4-30.8 mm snout vent length); presence of several flash orange-yellowish transversal stripes on thigh; vocal sac well developed; snout acuminate in profile; advertisement call with one note, 4-15 pulses, and dominant frequency 2.93-3.27 kHz. Description of the advertisement call and comments on natural history and habitat are provided.
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The diet of adult and late metamorphic Pseudis paradoxa in Trinidad was assessed from stomach contents. Pseudis paradoxa consumed a wide taxonomic and size range of invertebrates, mostly insects, but also arachnids, crustaceans (c...
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The diet of adult and late metamorphic Pseudis paradoxa in Trinidad was assessed from stomach contents. Pseudis paradoxa consumed a wide taxonomic and size range of invertebrates, mostly insects, but also arachnids, crustaceans (crabs) and annelids. There was little evidence for ontogenetic changes in prey taken, but larger females had taken larger prey than smaller individuals. Although most prey items could have been captured above the water surface, some must have been taken below the surface. The significance of these findings is discussed in the light of Pseudis's unique life history and evolution (individuals are essentially full size at metamorphosis; adults are fully but secondarily aquatic) and in comparison with previous reports.
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Vocal sacs are among the most conspicuous features of anurans and are particularly striking in casque-headed treefrogs (Hylidae: Hylinae: Lophyohylini) with their wide array of morphologies. In this paper, we assessed the anatomy ...
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Vocal sacs are among the most conspicuous features of anurans and are particularly striking in casque-headed treefrogs (Hylidae: Hylinae: Lophyohylini) with their wide array of morphologies. In this paper, we assessed the anatomy of vocal sacs in representatives of the Lophyohylini, described eight discrete characters and studied their evolution. We inferred that dorsolateral projections of the vocal sacs were already present during the early evolution of the tribe. Subsequently, they reached surprising volumes in some species, whereas in others they were notably reduced. We inferred between nine and 11 independent events of reduction of the size and lateral projections of the vocal sac, showing unprecedented levels of plasticity for the structure. Moreover, these events were strongly correlated with the colonization of phytotelmata as breeding sites, probably due to their confined space which hampers the inflation of large vocal sacs. Finally, we discuss the evolution of paired lateral vocal sacs in different groups of anurans, and the extent to which the paired and dorsally-projecting lobes of most Trachycephalus differ from those of distantly related taxa. Our findings highlight how variation in internal structure affects the shape of the inflated vocal sac and provides a framework applicable across the Anura.
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Bokermannohyla juiju is a member of the B. martinsi species group and it was described based on one male specimen. In order to enhance the knowledge about the species, we describe its advertisement call and morphological variation...
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Bokermannohyla juiju is a member of the B. martinsi species group and it was described based on one male specimen. In order to enhance the knowledge about the species, we describe its advertisement call and morphological variation, including for the first time data on females. We also provide additional comments about its natural history, geographic distribution, and conservation. The advertisement call of B. juiju consists of a single note, non-pulsed, harmonic structured call emitted several times in a row. Four out of five males were found calling in bromeliads. The female, as it is common in many Bokermannohyla species, presents some morphological features not shared with the males, like a non-hypertrophied forearm and less developed prepollex.
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new species belonging to the Scinax ruber clade, morphologically similar to S. cabralensis and S. rupestris, is described from the Municipality of Miguel Calmon, State of Bahia, northeastern Brazil. This locality belongs to the no...
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new species belonging to the Scinax ruber clade, morphologically similar to S. cabralensis and S. rupestris, is described from the Municipality of Miguel Calmon, State of Bahia, northeastern Brazil. This locality belongs to the northern portion of the Espinhaco Range known as Chapada Diamantina, a semiarid region in central Bahia State. The new species can be distinguished from all congeners of the S. ruber clade by a combination of adult (size, morphology, color pattern, and advertisement call) as well as larval (external morphology, and oral cavity) characteristics. The description of this frog adds another species, and the first of the S. ruber clade, to those that are endemic to Chapada Diamantina.
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ABSTRACT We describe the larval morphology of the stream-dwelling tadpole of Hyloscirtus antioquia based on specimens from the type locality, Antioquia, Colombia. The larvae of H. antioquia (belong to the suctorial ecomorphologica...
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ABSTRACT We describe the larval morphology of the stream-dwelling tadpole of Hyloscirtus antioquia based on specimens from the type locality, Antioquia, Colombia. The larvae of H. antioquia (belong to the suctorial ecomorphological guild) show morphological characters commonly associated with lotic habitats, like a depressed body, low fins, long tail, well-developed tail musculature, and oral disc with many labial tooth rows. In addition, the larvae of H. antioquia have the anterior and posterior jaw sheath with small serrations and the inner margin of nostrils with one simple triangular fleshy projection. As in other cases in Hyloscirtus, the tadpole H. antioquia has a large saccular structure that encloses the vent tube, and partially covers the hindlimbs during their development, and also it has the ventrolateral, unpigmented spots in the region proximal to the vent tube. Finally, some aspects concerning the larvae of the tribe Cophomantini are discussed.
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We describe the tadpole of Scinax aromothyella from the surroundings of Quebrada de los Cuervos, Departamento de Treinta y Tres, Uruguay. It shares with other larvae of the Scinax catharinae clade the slightly depressed body, a de...
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We describe the tadpole of Scinax aromothyella from the surroundings of Quebrada de los Cuervos, Departamento de Treinta y Tres, Uruguay. It shares with other larvae of the Scinax catharinae clade the slightly depressed body, a dextral vent tube that reaches the free margin of the ventral fin, and the oral disc with a dorsal gap in the marginal row of papillae and with a concave posterior edge. It is most similar to the tadpole of Scinax berthae, from which it differs in the larger total length of S. aromothyella.
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We describe the lotic larva of Hyloscirtus charazani from Charazani and nearby areas, Departamento U Paz, Bolivia (2700 - 3200 m a. s.l.). It is morphologically undistinguishable from tadpoles of H. armatus sensu lato. These tadpo...
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We describe the lotic larva of Hyloscirtus charazani from Charazani and nearby areas, Departamento U Paz, Bolivia (2700 - 3200 m a. s.l.). It is morphologically undistinguishable from tadpoles of H. armatus sensu lato. These tadpoles show stream adaptation through a robust body with strong tail musculature, enlarged oral disc, increased number of labial tooth rows, and complete marginal papillae. Furthermore, they have a large saccular structure that underlies the limb buds, encloses the vent tube, and partially covers the hindlimbs during their development.
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