摘要 : China has more than 50 years of history in apple breeding. There have been 260 apple breeders from 40 universities or institutes all over the country, including the provinces of Liaoning, Hebei, Shaanxi, Shandong and Shanxi. In th... 展开 China has more than 50 years of history in apple breeding. There have been 260 apple breeders from 40 universities or institutes all over the country, including the provinces of Liaoning, Hebei, Shaanxi, Shandong and Shanxi. In the past 50 years China released 270 apple varieties obtained by crossing, using 'Fuji', 'Ralls', 'Delicious', 'Golden Delicious', 'Jonathan', and 'Toko' as parents. Among them, 'Qinguan' and 'Yanfeng' bred in Shaanxi, 'Huaguan' and 'Huashuai' in Henan, 'Liaofu', 'Yueshuai', 'Hanfu', 'Qiujin', and 'Huahong' in Liaoning, 'Guohong' and 'Yanshanhong' in Hebei, 'Danxia' in Shanxi, and 'Dailv' in Shandong have a significant planted area. China has also initiated a program for breeding red flesh and juice apples with high acid content. Traditional crossing, sport selection, and open-pollinated seedling selection combined with marker-assisted selection, anther culture, transgenic engineering, are the approaches used for breeding new apple varieties. Research on inheritance of important traits, pre-selection and early evaluation of seedlings, methods to shorten the juvenility, resistance to apple canker and apple ring rot, and genetic engineering was also conducted in the apple breeding programs. China began apple rootstock breeding program thirty years ago. Traits of dwarfing, high disease resistance, drought tolerance, and cold hardiness, are the primary consideration in the apple rootstock breeding programs. China has released several apple rootstocks as S19, S20, SH15, 63-2-19, 77-34, Liaozhen No. 2, GM2 56, CX3, 75-9-5, and 75-7-1. A National Apple Breeding Association in China has been formed to coordinate the breeding groups across the country. 收起