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Many chapters of this Handbook describe mechanisms that contribute to various facets of security. The arbitrary use of security mechanisms provides no prescription for the achievement of security goals. It is only in their applica...
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Many chapters of this Handbook describe mechanisms that contribute to various facets of security. The arbitrary use of security mechanisms provides no prescription for the achievement of security goals. It is only in their application in the context of organizational objectives for the protection of information and computational assets that security can be assessed. This chapter is intended to discuss the policies that provide a rationale for those mechanisms and to broadly examine their enforcement mechanisms in computer systems. It is intended to focus primarily on fundamental concepts, which remain valid despite their longevity. In a utopian world where nothing bad ever happened, information security would be unnecessary. There would be no accidents; all actions performed by users would be correct; no attackers would attempt to violate systems. Unfortunately, reality is dramatically different. Information owners are confronted with risks to their assets and, to address these risks, make statements regarding what needs to be protected and how well. These statements constitute the basis for information security policies. Security policies for information and assets have been with us for centuries, but their application within computer systems requires examination. Sterne (1991) provides a useful guide to understanding how policy is expressed at several levels within an organization and how it is described in a technical context. First, security policy applies to the protection of assets. Sterne points out that only tangible assets can be protected. Intangible assets may also be protected through the protection of tangible assets, but it is impossible to state and implement a policy to address intangible assets. For example, how can a bank protect its reputation. Not by putting guards around that reputation.
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This paper presents a simple counterexample to the belief that policy cooperation among benevolent governments is desirable. It also explains circumstances under which such counterexamples are possible and relates them to the lite...
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This paper presents a simple counterexample to the belief that policy cooperation among benevolent governments is desirable. It also explains circumstances under which such counterexamples are possible and relates them to the literature on time inconsistency.
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We analyze financial collapses, such as the one that occurred during the U.S.Great Depression, from the perspective of a monetary model with multiple equilibria. The multiplicity arises from the presence of a strategic complementa...
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We analyze financial collapses, such as the one that occurred during the U.S.Great Depression, from the perspective of a monetary model with multiple equilibria. The multiplicity arises from the presence of a strategic complementarity due to increasing returns to scale in the intermediation process. Intermediaries provide the link between savers and firms who require working capital for production. Fluctuations in the intermediation process are driven by variations in the confidence agents place in the financial system. From a positive perspective, our model matches closely the qualitative changes in important financial and real variables (the currency/deposit ratio, ex-post real interest rates, the level of intermediated activity, deflation, employment and production) over the Great Depression period, an experience often attributed to financial collapse. Further, we show how adding liquidity to the banking system through increases in the money supply is sufficient to overcome strategic uncertainty and thus avoid financial collapse.
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The Iranian economy and political situation have undergone radical changes since the 1979 Islamic revolution. The excesses of the early years of the revolution have gradually given way to moderation and a more pragmatic economic p...
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The Iranian economy and political situation have undergone radical changes since the 1979 Islamic revolution. The excesses of the early years of the revolution have gradually given way to moderation and a more pragmatic economic policy--based on the principles of the free market. The petroleum policy, as a subset of the economic policies, has been somewhat affected by the political and economic developments in Iran. The petroleum policy has changed from a position of no foreign participation to a position that includes a desire for foreign participation, the text of a model contract, and an attempt to introduce new technologies in the upstream sector. This report provides an overview of the key issues facing the Iranian oil industry and the economic context in which the oil industry is operating in Iran. It describes the evolution of policies meant to move the oil industry toward the free market; it discusses Iran's oil trading partners, the outlook for refining and project investments, and current and likely future developments in the natural gas and petrochemical sectors. In short, the report provides an up-to-date assessment of the Iranian petroleum sector and its likely evolution in the future.
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摘要 :
The Iranian economy and political situation have undergone radical changes since the 1979 Islamic revolution. The excesses of the early years of the revolution have gradually given way to moderation and a more pragmatic economic p...
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The Iranian economy and political situation have undergone radical changes since the 1979 Islamic revolution. The excesses of the early years of the revolution have gradually given way to moderation and a more pragmatic economic policy--based on the principles of the free market. The petroleum policy, as a subset of the economic policies, has been somewhat affected by the political and economic developments in Iran. The petroleum policy has changed from a position of no foreign participation to a position that includes a desire for foreign participation, the text of a model contract, and an attempt to introduce new technologies in the upstream sector. This report provides an overview of the key issues facing the Iranian oil industry and the economic context in which the oil industry is operating in Iran. It describes the evolution of policies meant to move the oil industry toward the free market; it discusses Iran's oil trading partners, the outlook for refining and project investments, and current and likely future developments in the natural gas and petrochemical sectors. In short, the report provides an up-to-date assessment of the Iranian petroleum sector and its likely evolution in the future.
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In this paper we review the implications of the time consistency requirement for economic policy. Particular attention is devoted to the sustainable plan construct. Allocations and policies are defined as functions of the history ...
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In this paper we review the implications of the time consistency requirement for economic policy. Particular attention is devoted to the sustainable plan construct. Allocations and policies are defined as functions of the history of past policies. A sequence of history contingent allocation and policy functions is sustainable if it satisfies certain sequential rationality conditions. We illustrate these ideas in a capital taxation model and in a model of default on government debt.
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At the request of the Senate Committee on Appropriations, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO), with contributions from the Joint Committee on Taxation (JCT), has prepared this analysis of the President's budgetary proposals for ...
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At the request of the Senate Committee on Appropriations, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO), with contributions from the Joint Committee on Taxation (JCT), has prepared this analysis of the President's budgetary proposals for fiscal year 2004. CBO estimates that under the President's proposals, the deficit in 2003 and 2004 would rise to $287 billion and $338 billion, respectively. For 2003, revenues would remain nearly unchanged from 2002, while outlays would increase by 6.6 percent under the President's plan. The following year, revenues would grow by 2.7 percent, while outlays would climb by 4.8 percent. As a share of the economy, revenues would dip below 17 percent in 2004 and outlays would reach nearly 20 percent, thereby producing a total budget deficit equal to 3 percent of gross domestic product (GDP).
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The consequences of a straightforward monetary targeting scheme are examined for a simple dynamic macro model. The notion of 'targeting' used is the strategic one introduced by Rogoff (1985). Numerical calculations are used to dem...
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The consequences of a straightforward monetary targeting scheme are examined for a simple dynamic macro model. The notion of 'targeting' used is the strategic one introduced by Rogoff (1985). Numerical calculations are used to demonstrate that for the model under consideration, monetary targeting is likely to lead to a deterioration of policy performance. These examples cast doubt upon the general efficacy of simple targeting schemes in dynamic rational expectations models.
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This study focuses on two principal questions: (1) Does the pursuit of either a national industry policy or a regional policy imply significant tradeoffs relative to the aim of the other and (2) Would it be desirable to have regio...
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This study focuses on two principal questions: (1) Does the pursuit of either a national industry policy or a regional policy imply significant tradeoffs relative to the aim of the other and (2) Would it be desirable to have regional policy coordinated with industrial policy so that each reflects the primary aim of the other. The authors analysis leads to the following conclusions: (1) Primary emphasis on one policy will result in serious tradeoffs on the other (2) National policy will not be effective (3) Regional policies will not be effective. Thus, national policy must find ways of establishing priorities among competing regional policy objectives.
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On April 22 and 23, 2004, a diverse group of 14 policymakers, modelers, analysts, and scholars met with some 22 members of the Sandia National Laboratories staff to explores ways in which the relationships between modelers and pol...
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On April 22 and 23, 2004, a diverse group of 14 policymakers, modelers, analysts, and scholars met with some 22 members of the Sandia National Laboratories staff to explores ways in which the relationships between modelers and policymakers in the energy and environment fields (with an emphasis on energy) could be made more productive for both. This report is not a transcription of that workshop, but draws very heavily on its proceedings. It first describes the concept of modeling, the varying ways in which models are used to support policymaking, and the institutional context for those uses. It then proposes that the goal of modelers and policymakers should be a relationship of mutual trust, built on a foundation of communication, supported by the twin pillars of policy relevance and technical credibility. The report suggests 20 guidelines to help modelers improve the relationship, followed by 10 guidelines to help policymakers toward the same goal.
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