摘要 :
The building sector consumes a large part of the energy used in the United States and is responsible for nearly 40% of greenhouse gas emissions. It is therefore economically and environmentally important to reduce the building ene...
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The building sector consumes a large part of the energy used in the United States and is responsible for nearly 40% of greenhouse gas emissions. It is therefore economically and environmentally important to reduce the building energy consumption to realize massive energy savings. In this paper, a method to control room temperature in buildings is proposed. The approach is based on a distributed parameter model represented by a three dimensional (3D) heat equation in a room with heater/cooler located at ceiling. The latter is resolved using finite element methods, and results in a model for room temperature with thousands of states. The latter is not amenable to control design. A reduced order model of only few states is then derived using Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD). A Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) is computed based on the reduced model, and applied to the full order model to control room temperature.
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This project focused on the use of home energy ratings as a tool to promote energy retrofits in existing homes. A home energy rating provides a quantitative appraisal of a home's asset performance, usually compared to a benchmark ...
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This project focused on the use of home energy ratings as a tool to promote energy retrofits in existing homes. A home energy rating provides a quantitative appraisal of a home's asset performance, usually compared to a benchmark such as the average energy use of similar homes in the same region. Home rating systems can help motivate homeowners in several ways. Ratings can clearly communicate a home's achievable energy efficiency potential, provide a quantitative assessment of energy savings after retrofits are completed, and show homeowners how they rate compared to their neighbors, thus creating an incentive to conform to a more >social standard. An important consideration is how rating tools for the retrofit market will integrate with existing home energy service programs. For residential programs that target energy savings only, home visits should be focused on key efficiency measures for that home. In order to gain wide adoption, a rating tool must be easily integrated into the field process, demonstrate consistency and reasonable accuracy to earn the trust of home energy technicians, and have a low monetary cost and time hurdle for homeowners. Along with the Home Energy Score, this project also evaluated the energy modeling performance of SIMPLE and REM/Rate.
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In this document, we provide the total (or combined) uncertainty of phase modulation (PM) and amplitude modulation (AM) noise measurement of the NIST portable noise standard calculated from the individual measurement uncertainties...
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In this document, we provide the total (or combined) uncertainty of phase modulation (PM) and amplitude modulation (AM) noise measurement of the NIST portable noise standard calculated from the individual measurement uncertainties. NIST provides an on-site calibration service (77135C) of the accuracy of PM and AM noise and noise floor of the measurement systems at the customer's site by use of two separate portable PM/AM secondary noise standards. One noise standard is for carrier frequencies of 5 MHz, 10 MHz, and 100 MHz, designated as model 510100, and the other for carrier frequencies of 10.6 GHz, 21.2 GHz, and 42.4 GHz, designated as model 102040. The PM and AM noise of the noise standard are usually measured twice at NIST, once before sending it to the customer (the out measurement) and a second time after receiving it back (the in measurement). The customer uses its PM/AM noise measurement system and measures the calibrated noise level of the NIST secondary noise standard. Customer results are compared with the average of the in and out measurements at NIST. If the results are within the measurement uncertainty then the calibration is certified and a PASS calibration report is issued. When there is significant discrepancy in the results, the customer is advised to recheck the measurement configuration and re-measure. If the customer results cannot be achieved within the measurement uncertainty, a FAIL calibration report is then issued.
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We sought to determine EPA's Computer Security Program whether the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) implemented management control processes for maintaining the quality of data in the Automated System Security Evaluation...
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We sought to determine EPA's Computer Security Program whether the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) implemented management control processes for maintaining the quality of data in the Automated System Security Evaluation and Remediation Tracking (ASSERT) system. EPA uses the ASSERT online tool to gather information regarding testing and evaluating Agency information systems, and tracking progress made in fixing identified security weaknesses. EPA also uses ASSERT to generate reports provided to the Office of Management and Budget pursuant to the Federal Information Security Management Act.
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The effect of boron on the strength of B2-structured FeAl is considered as a function of composition, grain size and temperature. Boron does not affect the concentrations of antisite atoms or vacancies present, with the former inc...
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The effect of boron on the strength of B2-structured FeAl is considered as a function of composition, grain size and temperature. Boron does not affect the concentrations of antisite atoms or vacancies present, with the former increasing and the latter decreasing with increasing deviation from the stoichiometric composition. When vacancies are absent, the strength increase per at. % B per unit lattice strain, Delta sigma/(Delta c x epsilon) increases with increasing aluminum concentration, but when vacancies are present (>45 at. % Al), Delta sigma/(Delta c x epsilon) decreases again. Boron increases grain size strengthening in FeAl. B strengthening is roughly independent of temperature up to the yield strength peak but above the point, when diffusion-assisted deformation occurs, boron strengthening increases dramatically.
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The overall purpose of this research project is to carry out the preliminary laboratory-scale development of a gas-promoted, oil agglomeration process for cleaning coal using model mixing systems. The design and construction of a ...
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The overall purpose of this research project is to carry out the preliminary laboratory-scale development of a gas-promoted, oil agglomeration process for cleaning coal using model mixing systems. The design and construction of a model mixing system for conducting oil agglomeration tests were reported previously as well as the results of a series of calibration and shakedown tests. The system consists of a flat bottom tank which is fitted with four vertical baffles, a cover, and a turbine agitator. The tank has an inside diameter of 15.24 cm (6.0 in.), height of 15.24 cm (6.0 in.), and net volume of 2.87 L. The tank is connected to a photometric dispersion analyzer so that the turbidity of a coal particle suspension undergoing agglomeration can be monitored. Measuring the turbidity of a particle suspension requires application of the Beer-Lambert law. However, since this law applies for dilute suspensions, it is questionable whether or not it applies to the somewhat more concentrated coal suspensions required for the present project. Therefore, to determine the law's applicability, a series of turbidity measurements was conducted on particle suspensions which varied in particle concentration over a wide range, and the results were analyzed to see how well they agreed with the law. To determine the effect of air in promoting the oil agglomeration of coal particles in an aqueous suspension, a number of agglomeration tests were conducted with the model mixing system. Finely ground Pittsburgh No. 8 coal was used for these tests, and the amount of air present was controlled carefully. The agglomeration process was monitored by observing the change in turbidity of the system.
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This research is concerned with the structure and properties of insulator glasses, particularly as these are modified by transition metal ions in solution. This progress report spans a one-year period and describes the status of t...
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This research is concerned with the structure and properties of insulator glasses, particularly as these are modified by transition metal ions in solution. This progress report spans a one-year period and describes the status of the work two-thirds into the sixth contract year. Work on the host glasses has been concentrated on the alkali borosilicate, alkali aluminosilicate and alkali-gallia-silicate glasses. The main interest here is the structure setting for aluminum. The optical absorption spectra of nickel and iron in a variety of glasses have been examined. Utilization of luminescence in addition to optical absorption spectra has permitted the identification of several iron arrangements in glass. The investigation of diffusion processes, particularly hydrogen diffusion, by sputter-induced photon spectrometry (SIPS) has moved from qualitative demonstration to quantitative calculation. (ERA citation 06:019004)
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The report contains a preliminary assessment of the radiation dose and potential health impact of the accident on March 28, 1979 at the Three Mile Island Nuclear Station. This assessment was prepared by a task group composed of te...
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The report contains a preliminary assessment of the radiation dose and potential health impact of the accident on March 28, 1979 at the Three Mile Island Nuclear Station. This assessment was prepared by a task group composed of technical staff members from The Environmental Protection Agency, the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. The estimated dose that might have been received by an individual is less than 100 mrem. The collective dose received by the 2,164,000 people estimated to live within 50 miles of the reactor site is calculated to be 3,300 person-rem (with a range of 1600 - 5300 person-rem). This corresponds to an average dose of approximately 1.5 mrem. The potential number of fatal cancers that is projected to occur as a result of the accident is less than 1. This potential impact would be undetectable compared to the 325,000 cancer deaths that would normally be expected to occur in a population of 2,164,000. The estimated total health impact, including fatal and non-fatal cancers and genetic effects to all future generations is approximately 2 health effects.
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