摘要 :
This paper presents a qualitative thematic analysis of reader
comments posted in connection to a series of articles
published after Encyclopaedia Britannica’s announcement
to forego its print edition. It shows how ideas of wha...
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This paper presents a qualitative thematic analysis of reader
comments posted in connection to a series of articles
published after Encyclopaedia Britannica’s announcement
to forego its print edition. It shows how ideas of what
information is, are entangled with ideas of what a certain
medium is and does. Two research questions guide the
analysis: 1) How are encyclopedias as information sources
imagined in contemporary public discourse? 2) How does
the materiality of encyclopedias shape ideas of knowledge,
information and memory? A theoretical basis is the
distinction between an epistemological discourse and a
practice discourse of science as proposed by Bernd
Frohmann. Furthermore, the concept of remediation as
developed by Jay David Bolter and Richard Grusin is
drawn on. The analysis maps out different functions
encyclopedias as information sources and external
memories are assigned in contemporary society and in the
recent past. It shows how these functions go into one
another and how they are entangled with certain social
practices. Through this it makes visible how understandings
of information at a personal level are entwined with ideas of
materiality, technologies, and culture that are formed in
conjuncture with larger historical and societal shifts.
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摘要 :
This paper presents a qualitative thematic analysis of reader comments posted in connection to a series of articles published after Encyclopaedia Britannica's announcement to forego its print edition. It shows how ideas of what in...
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This paper presents a qualitative thematic analysis of reader comments posted in connection to a series of articles published after Encyclopaedia Britannica's announcement to forego its print edition. It shows how ideas of what information is, are entangled with ideas of what a certain medium is and does. Two research questions guide the analysis: 1) How are encyclopedias as information sources imagined in contemporary public discourse? 2) How does the materiality of encyclopedias shape ideas of knowledge, information and memory? A theoretical basis is the distinction between an epistemological discourse and a practice discourse of science as proposed by Bernd Frohmann. Furthermore, the concept of remediation as developed by Jay David Bolter and Richard Grusin is drawn on. The analysis maps out different functions encyclopedias as information sources and external memories are assigned in contemporary society and in the recent past. It shows how these functions go into one another and how they are entangled with certain social practices. Through this it makes visible how understandings of information at a personal level are entwined with ideas of materiality, technologies, and culture that are formed in conjuncture with larger historical and societal shifts.
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摘要 :
Precision medicine requires precise evidence-based practice and precise definition of the patients included in clinical studies for evidence generalization. Clinical research exclusion criteria define confounder patient characteri...
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Precision medicine requires precise evidence-based practice and precise definition of the patients included in clinical studies for evidence generalization. Clinical research exclusion criteria define confounder patient characteristics for exclusion from a study. However, unnecessary exclusion criteria can weaken patient representativeness of study designs and generalizability of study results. This paper presents a method for identifying questionable exclusion criteria for 38 mental disorders. We extracted common eligibility features (CEFs) from all trials on these disorders from ClinicalTrials.gov. Network Analysis showed scale-free property of the CEF network, indicating uneven usage frequencies among CEFs. By comparing these CEFs' term frequencies in clinical trials' exclusion criteria and in the PubMed Medical Encyclopedia for matching conditions, we identified unjustified potential overuse of exclusion CEFs in mental disorder trials. Then we discussed the limitations in current exclusion criteria designs and made recommendations for achieving more patient-centered exclusion criteria definitions.
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Just about all communication systems attempt to ensure that the data gets to the other end of the link without errors. Since it is impossible to build an error-free physical layer (although some short links can get very close to e...
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Just about all communication systems attempt to ensure that the data gets to the other end of the link without errors. Since it is impossible to build an error-free physical layer (although some short links can get very close to error-free operation) this means there is a requirement for any packets that do arrive with errors in them to be re-transmitted. What the receiver and transmitter then do about it is the subject of this one. Protocols that guarantee to get data to the destination correctly (or inform the layer above them that the attempt has failed) are known as reliable protocols. All reliable protocols need a bi-directional communication link, as the receiver has to be able to transmit short packets (called acknowledgements) back to the transmitter, informing the transmitter whether the information has arrived correctly, or not. Since these acknowledgements (or ACKs) can be efficiently combined with those required for flow control, this function is often done at the same layers: usually the transport layer and/or the data link layer. If a packet fails to arrive, or arrives in error, the receiver can send back a negative acknowledgement (or NAK), which asks the transmitter to resend the information. This process is known as ARQ (Automatic Repeat request).
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摘要 :
Just about all communication systems attempt to ensure that the data gets to the other end of the link without errors. Since it is impossible to build an error-free physical layer (although some short links can get very close to e...
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Just about all communication systems attempt to ensure that the data gets to the other end of the link without errors. Since it is impossible to build an error-free physical layer (although some short links can get very close to error-free operation) this means there is a requirement for any packets that do arrive with errors in them to be re-transmitted. What the receiver and transmitter then do about it is the subject of this one. Protocols that guarantee to get data to the destination correctly (or inform the layer above them that the attempt has failed) are known as reliable protocols. All reliable protocols need a bi-directional communication link, as the receiver has to be able to transmit short packets (called acknowledgements) back to the transmitter, informing the transmitter whether the information has arrived correctly, or not. Since these acknowledgements (or ACKs) can be efficiently combined with those required for flow control, this function is often done at the same layers: usually the transport layer and/or the data link layer. If a packet fails to arrive, or arrives in error, the receiver can send back a negative acknowledgement (or NAK), which asks the transmitter to resend the information. This process is known as ARQ (Automatic Repeat request).
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The Internet is a social space that is shaped by humans through the development of websites, the release of web services, the collaborative creation of encyclopedias and forums, the exchange of information through social networks,...
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The Internet is a social space that is shaped by humans through the development of websites, the release of web services, the collaborative creation of encyclopedias and forums, the exchange of information through social networks, the provision of work through crowdsourcing platforms, etc. This landscape offers novel possibilities for software systems to satisfy their requirements, e.g., by retrieving and aggregating the information from Internet websites as well as by crowdsourcing the execution of certain functions. In this paper, we present a special type of functional requirements (called unbounded) that is not fully satisliable and whose satisfaction is increased by gathering evidence from multiple sources. In addition to characterizing unbounded requirements, we explain how to maximize their satisfaction by asking and by combining opinions of multiple sources: people, services, information, and algorithms. We provide evidence of the existence of these requirements through examples by studying a modern Web application (Spotify) and from a traditional system (Microsoft Word).
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Ontology plays a dominant role in a growing number of different fields, such as information retrieval, artificial intelligence, semantic Web and knowledge management, etc. However, manual construction of large ontology is not feas...
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Ontology plays a dominant role in a growing number of different fields, such as information retrieval, artificial intelligence, semantic Web and knowledge management, etc. However, manual construction of large ontology is not feasible. This article discusses how to create Financial Ontology automatically from a resource of Chinese Encyclopedia. Financial Ontology includes Is-A relationship, Class-Instance relationship, Attribute-of relationship and Synonym relationship. Experimental Results show us that the constructed Financial Ontology has great advantages in the large scale, creation cost and the richness of semantic information.
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摘要 :
Ontology plays a dominant role in a growing number of different fields, such as information retrieval, artificial intelligence, semantic Web and knowledge management, etc. However, manual construction of large ontology is not feas...
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Ontology plays a dominant role in a growing number of different fields, such as information retrieval, artificial intelligence, semantic Web and knowledge management, etc. However, manual construction of large ontology is not feasible. This article discusses how to create Financial Ontology automatically from a resource of Chinese Encyclopedia. Financial Ontology includes Is-A relationship, Class-Instance relationship, Attribute-of relationship and Synonym relationship. Experimental Results show us that the constructed Financial Ontology has great advantages in the large scale, creation cost and the richness of semantic information.
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摘要 :
Ontology plays a dominant role in a growing number of different fields, such as information retrieval, artificial intelligence, semantic Web and knowledge management, etc. However, manual construction of large ontology is not feas...
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Ontology plays a dominant role in a growing number of different fields, such as information retrieval, artificial intelligence, semantic Web and knowledge management, etc. However, manual construction of large ontology is not feasible. This article discusses how to create Financial Ontology automatically from a resource of Chinese Encyclopedia. Financial Ontology includes Is-A relationship, Class-Instance relationship, Attribute-of relationship and Synonym relationship. Experimental Results show us that the constructed Financial Ontology has great advantages in the large scale, creation cost and the richness of semantic information.
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The paper is devoted to a competence-oriented model of representation of educational content. The model is based on the requirements to results of educational programs in higher education and illustrates the approach to developing...
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The paper is devoted to a competence-oriented model of representation of educational content. The model is based on the requirements to results of educational programs in higher education and illustrates the approach to developing e-learning courses as structured sets of didactical units containing evaluation funds. Didactical units of training material are the content elements of e-learning encyclopedias. Evaluation funds of didactical units allow determining the level of graduates' competence. The multi-variant presentation of the training material helps to build individual learning trajectories for persons with disabilities, for students with different backgrounds and with different individual characteristics of personal and cognitive spheres.
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