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The "NIPA Handbook" begins with introductory chapters that describe the fundamental concepts, definitions, classifications, and accounting framework that underlie the national income and product accounts (NIPAs) of the United Stat...
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The "NIPA Handbook" begins with introductory chapters that describe the fundamental concepts, definitions, classifications, and accounting framework that underlie the national income and product accounts (NIPAs) of the United States and the general sources and methods that are used to prepare the NIPA estimates. It continues with separate chapters that describe the sources and methods that are used to prepare the expenditure and income components of the accounts. The Handbook is intended to be a living reference that can be updated to reflect changes in concepts or methodology as they are introduced into the NIPAs.
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The following tables present statistics for U.S. international services that were published on October 19, 2018. Additional historical statistics for the tables can be viewed and downloaded from the international services interact...
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The following tables present statistics for U.S. international services that were published on October 19, 2018. Additional historical statistics for the tables can be viewed and downloaded from the international services interactive database on BEA's Web site.
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The following tables present statistics for U.S. international services that were published on October 24, 2017. Additional historical statistics for the tables can be viewed and downloaded from the international services interact...
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The following tables present statistics for U.S. international services that were published on October 24, 2017. Additional historical statistics for the tables can be viewed and downloaded from the international services interactive database on BEA's Web site.
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The following tables present statistics for U.S. international services that were published on December 19, 2016. Additional historical statistics for the tables can be viewed and downloaded from the international services interac...
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The following tables present statistics for U.S. international services that were published on December 19, 2016. Additional historical statistics for the tables can be viewed and downloaded from the international services interactive database on BEA's Web site.
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Some years ago, I attended a research conference on the macular degeneration in the John Hopkins Medical Center where I obtained a set of textbooks named 'Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology (second edition)' by Daniel A. Alb...
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Some years ago, I attended a research conference on the macular degeneration in the John Hopkins Medical Center where I obtained a set of textbooks named 'Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology (second edition)' by Daniel A. Albert and Frederick A. Jakobiec. Of 6 volumes, the longest one deals with the basic sciences of ophthalmology, which contains over 1400 pages in 119 chapters by over 150 authors. If you have read this textbook and are invited to edit a special issue about molecular ophthalmology with just a few articles, you may wonder what to do with such extensive topics as I did in the beginning. Nevertheless, the eye is a beautiful organ and ocular diseases greatly affect our health. Thus, this special edition of Current Molecular Medicine contains the review articles on the pathology, the related mechanism and the possible management of the major ocular diseases. Seven articles have been selected to cover retinal pigment epithelium and retinal diseases, glaucoma and treatment, cataractogenesis derived from changes in lens structural proteins, gap junctions or cell death, and corneal disease therapy by limbal stem cells.
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摘要 :
Some years ago, I attended a research conference on the macular degeneration in the John Hopkins Medical Center where I obtained a set of textbooks named 'Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology (second edition)' by Daniel A. Alb...
展开
Some years ago, I attended a research conference on the macular degeneration in the John Hopkins Medical Center where I obtained a set of textbooks named 'Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology (second edition)' by Daniel A. Albert and Frederick A. Jakobiec. Of 6 volumes, the longest one deals with the basic sciences of ophthalmology, which contains over 1400 pages in 119 chapters by over 150 authors. If you have read this textbook and are invited to edit a special issue about molecular ophthalmology with just a few articles, you may wonder what to do with such extensive topics as I did in the beginning. Nevertheless, the eye is a beautiful organ and ocular diseases greatly affect our health. Thus, this special edition of Current Molecular Medicine contains the review articles on the pathology, the related mechanism and the possible management of the major ocular diseases. Seven articles have been selected to cover retinal pigment epithelium and retinal diseases, glaucoma and treatment, cataractogenesis derived from changes in lens structural proteins, gap junctions or cell death, and corneal disease therapy by limbal stem cells.
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VEGF plays a role in bone remodeling. Ingrowth of reparative arterioles can be observed in late-stage osteonecrosis. To explore the reparative processes, we quantified the most important angiogenesis factor (VEGF) in different zon...
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VEGF plays a role in bone remodeling. Ingrowth of reparative arterioles can be observed in late-stage osteonecrosis. To explore the reparative processes, we quantified the most important angiogenesis factor (VEGF) in different zones of late-stage glucocorticoid-induced osteonecrosis. We treated primary nonosteone-crosis osteoblasts with glucocorticoids in vitro as a model for the bone cells in early-stage steroid-related osteonecrosis. We obtained six late-stage (ARCO Stage IV) osteonecrosis femoral heads and six osteoarthritic femoral heads during THA. The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor was analyzed by reverse-transcription PCR,ELISA, or immunohistochemistry. Osteoblasts from the reactive interface (penumbra) of osteonecrosis femoral heads exhibited increased immunoreactivity to VEGF compared to those from the periphery. ELISA confirmed VEGF upregulation in the penumbra from osteonecrosis femoral heads. Primary osteoblasts derived from osteoarthritic femoral heads exhibited downregulation of VEGF after 24 hours of coincubation with glucocorticoids. The increase in VEGF in the reactive interface (penumbra) of osteonecrosis in late-stage femoral head may reflect a secondary phenomenon. The observed high amount of VEGF in later-stage osteonecrosis might stimulate the ingrowth of reparative arterioles into the femoral head.
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