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Abstract Post-focus compression (PFC), in which words following focus are compressed in F 0 and intensity, is recently found to be effective in encoding focus. Recent studies find that PFC is present in Egyptian, Hijazi and Lebane...
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Abstract Post-focus compression (PFC), in which words following focus are compressed in F 0 and intensity, is recently found to be effective in encoding focus. Recent studies find that PFC is present in Egyptian, Hijazi and Lebanese Arabic, and hence they are classified as +PFC languages. However, there are languages from the same family language which differ mainly in terms of the presence and absence of PFC. The current study investigated the production and perception of prosodic focus marking in Makkan Arabic, an under-researched Arabic dialect. Systematic acoustic analyses and statistical tests show that (a)?the on-focus word is realized by expanding the excursion size, increasing the F 0 and strengthening the intensity of its stressed syllable, (b)?information and contrastive focus are not prosodically distinguishable, (c) Makkan Arabic lacks PFC, and (d)?focus recognition is low compared to Hijazi Arabic (+PFC), Taiwanese and Taiwan Mandarin (other??PFC languages). The new findings, taken together with recent findings, suggest that (1) the prosodic encoding of focus is different across Arabic dialects productively and perceptually, and (2) the on-focus raising is not a sufficient factor in recognizing prosodic cues to focus. These results contribute to broadening our understanding of different prosodic focus markings cross-linguistically and cross-dialectally.
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The effect of pre-ionization caused by depleted uranium (_(92)U~(238)) on the correlation of neutron and X-ray emission from 1.8 kJ plasma focus is investigated by employing photomultiplier tubes (XP2020) coupled with fast (50 × ...
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The effect of pre-ionization caused by depleted uranium (_(92)U~(238)) on the correlation of neutron and X-ray emission from 1.8 kJ plasma focus is investigated by employing photomultiplier tubes (XP2020) coupled with fast (50 × 50) mm~2 cylindrical plastic scintillators (NE102A) along with GM tube and Quantrad Si PIN diodes with a pair of appropriate filters. It is found that neutron and Cu-K_α emission along with total X-ray yield are significantly increases with pre-ionization as compared to those without pre-ionization. Moreover, pre-ionization improves the shot to shot reproducibility of the system and broadens the operating pressure regime both for neutron and X-ray emission.
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Two dominant explanations of choking under pressure - self-focus and distraction - have been enduringly presented as competing mechanisms of motor skill failure under performance stress. Dual-task experiments designed to simultane...
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Two dominant explanations of choking under pressure - self-focus and distraction - have been enduringly presented as competing mechanisms of motor skill failure under performance stress. Dual-task experiments designed to simultaneously assess both mechanisms have often favoured self-focus, whereas qualitative research and examinations of gaze behaviour suggest that distraction plays a role. Though both mechanisms remain plausible, several reviews of the choking literature have side-stepped how autonomous motor skill failure would play out under a distraction-based model or a dual-mechanism model. In this discussion, we contend that persistent experimental focus on the brief moments of motor execution, without adequate consideration of diverse preparatory cognitive activities that also characterise sporting expertise, has delayed understanding of distraction's involvement. With an expanded scope in mind, we critically review the evidence for both mechanisms and describe how distraction alone or distraction in combination with self-focus might derail an expert motor skill under pressure. Different suggestions are made for self-paced and externally paced sports given their different attentional challenges.
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Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to present an adapted form of a qualitative research method, focus group interview, for use with small children and demonstrate its use in a small-scale study. Researchers often avoid direct ...
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Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to present an adapted form of a qualitative research method, focus group interview, for use with small children and demonstrate its use in a small-scale study. Researchers often avoid direct study of children, and study them indirectly by asking adults. This was frequent before 1990s, but today, researchers increasingly discuss research with children rather than on childrea Nevertheless, in research with young children it is not possible to use all research methods, therefore the authors modified and tested one. The additional research objectives, besides verification of methodology, were to determine the pre-school children's attitudes to books, book-related places, reading. Design/methodology/approach - The adaptation of the focus group interview involved merging the content questions of the research with a story and using a toy as the storyteller. This resembled storytelling and enabled the children to directly participate by talking to the animation toy instead of the researcher. The authors tested the method on a purposive sample of 13 pre-school children aged four and five in one public kindergarten. Findings - Despite of the belief of some experts, who claim that focus group interview is not an appropriate method to explore habits or opinions of children, the authors found that adaptation of this method for the use with small children by means of storytelling and toy animation brings positive results because it enabled gathering data directly from the children. The content results show positive attitudes towards books and reading, differences in reading interests between boys and girls, daily exposure to books and reading, both in kindergarten and at home, and quite good knowledge of book-related places, especially libraries, somewhat less bookstores. Research limitations/implications - Since this is only the first attempt to use this adapted methodological approach, it is necessary that the method is tested on different user groups and in different circumstances to further validate its suitability for this user group. Regarding the content of the study, the results cannot be generalized due to non-probability purposive sampling. Originality/value - This is the first attempt to use the adapted methodological approach for researching young children. The research may serve as a beginning and incentive for further research in this area, since only high-quality results provide good modifications and adaptations of educational programmes and activities to ensure proper development of children's reading competences and attitudes to books and reading.
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This study investigates how pre-service teachers (PSTs) negotiate an understanding of which multilingual practices are legitimate in mainstream education in Norway. Data were collected through seven focus groups with 24 PSTs parti...
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This study investigates how pre-service teachers (PSTs) negotiate an understanding of which multilingual practices are legitimate in mainstream education in Norway. Data were collected through seven focus groups with 24 PSTs participating in their first field placement. I designed three fictive vignettes about multilingual students in mainstream education, and these were introduced and discussed in the focus groups. The analysis of the PSTs' discussions of multilingual practices in mainstream education drew on Ruiz's framework of language ideologies and Bakhtin's concept of heteroglossia. The analysis shows how the PSTs were concerned with the needs of the class, of the teacher and of the multilingual students when multilingual practices were introduced to mainstream classrooms. The PSTs drew on different language ideologies to determine which multilingual practices were legitimate. The results indicate that the PSTs considered multilingual practices to be legitimate if they did not compromise group work nor challenged Norwegian as the language of instruction. However, the results also show a potential to work with PSTs in order to develop awareness of their own heteroglossic language ideologies. This study suggests that teacher educators can use focus groups to achieve this goal.
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Background: Ambulance care has its foundations in experience-based knowledge relating to the care provider's flexibility and humility in the encounter with patients. The group supervision model used in this study is retrospective ...
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Background: Ambulance care has its foundations in experience-based knowledge relating to the care provider's flexibility and humility in the encounter with patients. The group supervision model used in this study is retrospective and experience orientated and it is designed to promote and develop the group's overall competence by facilitating the group process, as well as extending and improving levels of professional knowledge. Aim: The aim was to evaluate the experience of group supervision and to explore its impact on the participants' personal and professional development. Method: This study uses an inductive qualitative approach where data collection was performed in the form of a focus group interview and analysed by a model of content analysis. Conclusion: Group supervision appears to have had a positive impact on the participants' personal and professional development. The structure of the model appears to make it easier for the inexperienced co-worker more rapidly to develop expertise within his/her working area, which can be seen as an important tool in today's financially focused and time-pressurised health-care service. It is to be hoped that the results of this study will interest health managers and encourage them to consider group supervision as a tool for professional development not only within the area of the ambulance service.
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In the United States, Black and Latinx youth remain disproportionately affected by HIV. Oral antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a proven effective HIV prevention strategy. PrEP is approved for use in people younger ...
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In the United States, Black and Latinx youth remain disproportionately affected by HIV. Oral antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a proven effective HIV prevention strategy. PrEP is approved for use in people younger than the age of 18 years, but little is known about provider comfort and preparedness with prescribing it to adolescents. In this study, physicians provide their perspectives on the facilitators and barriers to PrEP access among adolescents. Focus groups (n = 23) were conducted with pediatric and family practitioners practicing in an urban community hospital setting to assess PrEP awareness and receptivity to use among adolescents. Most providers were unfamiliar with clinical guidelines for PrEP use, especially in determining adolescent candidates for PrEP use, including appropriate dosing regimen and follow-up procedures. Overall, providers had low intent on prescribing PrEP, citing concerns about consent, medication adherence, and appropriateness of primary care providers in prescribing and managing adolescent PrEP use. Strategies that will address provider education and comfort in prescribing PrEP to adolescents are required to increase PrEP access and uptake among communities disproportionally affected by HIV.
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Over the past few years, the explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) model receives a broad desire for investigation. The natural language processing (NLP) commune is reaching the fundamental change too - constructing a set of p...
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Over the past few years, the explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) model receives a broad desire for investigation. The natural language processing (NLP) commune is reaching the fundamental change too - constructing a set of paradigms, which describe the preference on a few chief jobs devoid of influencing the execution. Abstractive Text Summarization (ATS) remains the job of building summary sentences by fusing factual-ities out of disparate source sentences and compressing them into a smaller portrayal when sustaining data content and comprehensive sense. This remains extremely arduous and long-drawn-out for people to physically summarize huge text documents. This study proffers Ontology-based Knowledge Aware Multi-focus Conditional Generative Adversarial Network (OKAM-CGAN) for novel documents. This could build novel sentences by analyzing many finer pieces than sentences, especially, semantic phrases. The proffered OKAM-CGAN comprises 3 prime portions - ontology aware knowledge-based document representation module, multitask and multi-focus learning unit, and an adversarial network unit. Experiential assessment is performed by correlating with advanced methodologies like RNN-W, CopyNet, GCU, Seq2Seq, and KESG concerning ROUGE scores. Consequently, it is observed that the proffered OKAM-CGAN attains 42.1 % of ROUGE-L, 40% of accuracy, 45%of precision, and 53% of recall for the CNN/Daily Mail database and 45% of ROUGE-L, 4% of accuracy, 54% of precision, and 57% of recall for the Edmunds database.
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The paper presents a study about pre-service science teachers' perceptions of the Nature of Science (NOS). Although there is a substantial amount of research on NOS in science teacher education, international comparative accounts ...
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The paper presents a study about pre-service science teachers' perceptions of the Nature of Science (NOS). Although there is a substantial amount of research on NOS in science teacher education, international comparative accounts particularly of in-depth qualitative data emerging from group discussions are fairly minimal. The primary aim of the research was to determine the changes of pre-service science teachers' NOS perceptions following group discussions in two different national contexts: Turkey and England. Two groups of pre-service teachers from Turkey were contrasted with two groups of pre-service teachers from England. The group discussions were structured with a set of steps. In the first step, the participants were asked to reflect about NOS and record their key ideas on sticky notes. Subsequently, they were presented with a visual framework of NOS, and they were asked to situate their own ideas from the sticky notes in this image. Verbal data from group discussions were investigated by qualitative methodology using thematic analysis. The findings suggest that both groups of pre-service teachers initially focused on epistemic-cognitive aspects of NOS but their ideas became more nuanced in providing some examples about social and institutional dimensions of NOS following the introduction of the NOS image. The study contributes to the understanding of how pre-service teachers view NOS and illustrates how NOS can potentially be incorporated into group discussions in science teacher education.
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EMI (English-medium instruction) has been spreading rapidly as the result of China’s movement to internationalize its HEIs (higher education institutions). However, there is a dearth of research studies on students’ motivation i...
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EMI (English-medium instruction) has been spreading rapidly as the result of China’s movement to internationalize its HEIs (higher education institutions). However, there is a dearth of research studies on students’ motivation in EMI contexts, which should not only explore students’ Foreign Language Learning (FLL) motivation in isolation but the highlights of integrating both content and language learning as a complex. This paper specifically reports on the development of students’ EMI motivation and anxiety over one semester and compares three disciplines: International Trade, Film Production, and Project Management. Pre-post questionnaires and post focus group interviews were administered to students. Results showed that students generally had high EMI motivation and anxiety though the levels decreased from pre to post phases. The International Trade group had greater motivation, particularly instrumental motivation. Findings are discussed in relation to the existing literature and the local context. Pedagogical and institutional-level implications for policies are also provided.
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