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Patients who have lost the sense of smell usually come to a doctor on their own, reporting loss of the sense of taste. Inflammation (often due to allergy), viral infection, and head trauma are common causes of olfactory disturbanc...
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Patients who have lost the sense of smell usually come to a doctor on their own, reporting loss of the sense of taste. Inflammation (often due to allergy), viral infection, and head trauma are common causes of olfactory disturbance. History taking may provide clues to these and other problems (eg, toxin exposure, congenital dysosmia). Workup should not begin until a standardized test has been given that established impairment of the sense of smell. The only truly reversible cause is inflammation, which is confirmed when smell returns after a course of corticosteroid. Sinus computed tomography is necessary to view the olfactory cleft; lack of obstruction indicates that smell impairment is nonreversible. Patients deserve an explanation for their disorder and a prognosis. If restoration of their sense of smell is unlikely, patients should be cautioned to take steps to ensure safety in regard to such dangers as gas leaks, smoke, and spoiled foods.
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Objective Olfaction is an important sense in children, but its measurement is usually disregarded or neglected. There has been increasing interest in olfaction in recent years, and many olfaction assessment tests have been develop...
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Objective Olfaction is an important sense in children, but its measurement is usually disregarded or neglected. There has been increasing interest in olfaction in recent years, and many olfaction assessment tests have been developed to assess pediatric patients. In this systematic review, we identify and compare different olfaction assessment tests used in the pediatric population Data sources Pubmed (Medline), the Cochrane Library, EMBASE and Trip Database. Review methods The main outcome was review of the tests used to assess olfaction. The secondary outcomes were review of differences between tests regarding sex, age, exercises and odorants. Results A total of 18 articles fulfilled the established inclusion criteria. Conclusions Olfaction assessment in children should combine different methods of evaluation, and not rely only on identification tasks. There are still many questions to answer. There is a great need for a specific test for children under 5 years old. Also, there is not a real cutoff value to define hyposmia yet; real cutoff values and values adapted to children's development are keenly needed.
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A pheromone-binding protein from navel orange worm, Amyelois transitella (Atra-PBP1) binds to non-polar pheromone molecules and facilitates the transport and delivery of pheromone to the membrane-bound pheromone receptors. We repo...
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A pheromone-binding protein from navel orange worm, Amyelois transitella (Atra-PBP1) binds to non-polar pheromone molecules and facilitates the transport and delivery of pheromone to the membrane-bound pheromone receptors. We report complete NMR chemical shift assignments of Atra-PBP1 obtained at pH 4.5 and 25 degrees C (BMRB No. 15601).
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Objective: Olfactory dysfunction is common. The reliability of self-assessment tools for smell testing is still controversial. This study aimed to provide new data about the accuracy of olfactory self-assessment compared with a st...
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Objective: Olfactory dysfunction is common. The reliability of self-assessment tools for smell testing is still controversial. This study aimed to provide new data about the accuracy of olfactory self-assessment compared with a standardised smell test.Design: Prospective, controlled, cohort study of patients with olfactory disorders and healthy controls.Subjects: Ninety-six patients with a smell deficit and 71 controls were asked to rate their sense of smell on a visual analogue scale. Their olfactory abilities were also evaluated with the Sniffin' Sticks tests.Results: The whole cohort showed a significant correlation between visual analogue scale smell scores and Sniffin' Sticks total scores. This correlation was also significant in the patient group, but not in the control group. These results were independent of olfactory deficit aetiology and subject age.Conclusion: Self-assessment of olfaction is only a reliable indicator in smell-impaired patients, not in healthy controls. For an accurate assessment of olfaction, reliable, standardised tests are needed.
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Recent research shows that fragrances may be smelled and remembered implicitly, that is without awareness of their presence. This finding helps to explain well-known but poorly understood facts about fragrance in functional consum...
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Recent research shows that fragrances may be smelled and remembered implicitly, that is without awareness of their presence. This finding helps to explain well-known but poorly understood facts about fragrance in functional consumer products: namely, their widely-shared meanings within markets and their halo effect. Implicit olfaction has consequences for fragrance selection and testing, as well as for product labeling and advertising.
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The olfactory system sensitively discerns scents from many small molecules as the brain analyses signals from nasal receptors.These receptors are selective to some degree,though the mechanism for selectivity is still controversial...
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The olfactory system sensitively discerns scents from many small molecules as the brain analyses signals from nasal receptors.These receptors are selective to some degree,though the mechanism for selectivity is still controversial.Enantiomers,chiral pairs of left-and right-handed structures,are an important class of molecules in assessing proposed mechanisms.We show that there is a correlation between molecular(structural)flexibility and whether or not the left-and right-handed enantiomers smell the same.In particular,for the fairly extensive class of enantiomers with six-membered ring flexibility,enantiomers do not smell the same.There are,of course,significant experimental uncertainties,which we discuss here.We discuss models of receptor selectivity,both those based on shape and those where discrimination is based on other factors,such as electron affinity,proton affinity or vibration frequencies.The differences in scent of these enantiomers appear to be consistent with simple generalizations of a'swipe card'model in which,while the shape must be good enough,critical information for actuation is a separate factor.
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Abstract Purpose The olfactory system can be successfully rehabilitated with regular, intermittent stimulation during multiple daily exposures to selected sets of odors, i.e., olfactory training (OT). OT has been repeatedly shown ...
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Abstract Purpose The olfactory system can be successfully rehabilitated with regular, intermittent stimulation during multiple daily exposures to selected sets of odors, i.e., olfactory training (OT). OT has been repeatedly shown to be an effective tool of olfactory performance enhancement. Recent advancements in studies on OT suggest that its beneficial effects exceed olfaction and extend to specific cognitive tasks. So far, studies on OT provided compelling evidence for its effectiveness, but there is still a need to search for an optimal OT protocol. The present study examined whether increased frequency of OT leads to better outcomes in both olfactory and cognitive domains.Method Fifty-five subjects (28 females; Mage?=?58.2?±?11.3?years; 26 patients with impaired olfaction) were randomly assigned to a standard (twice a day) or intense (four times a day) OT. Olfactory and cognitive measurements were taken before and after OT.Results OT performed twice a day was more effective in supporting olfactory rehabilitation and interventions targeted to verbal semantic fluency than OT performed four times a day, even more so in subjects with lower baseline scores.Conclusions OT is effective in supporting olfactory rehabilitation and interventions targeted to verbal semantic fluency. However, it may be prone to a ceiling effect, being efficient in subjects presenting with lower baseline olfactory performance and lower verbal semantic fluency.
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Numerous techniques are available for the investigation of chemosensory functions in humans. They include psychophysical measures of chemosensory function, e.g. odor identification, odor discrimination, odor thresholds, odor memor...
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Numerous techniques are available for the investigation of chemosensory functions in humans. They include psychophysical measures of chemosensory function, e.g. odor identification, odor discrimination, odor thresholds, odor memory, and retronasal perception of odors. In order to assess changes related to the patients' quality of life or effects of qualitative olfactory dysfunction, questionnaires are being used. Measures relying to a lesser degree on the subjects' cooperation are e.g. chemosensory event-related potentials, odor-induced changes of the EEG, the electroolfactogram, imaging techniques, or measures of respiration. In a clinical context, however, psychophysical techniques are most frequently used, e.g. tests for odor identification, and odor thresholds. Interpretation of results from these measures is frequently supported by the assessment of chemosensory event-related potentials. Other techniques await further standardization before they will become useful in a clinical context.
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Animals detect odorous chemicals through specialized olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) that transduce odorants into neural electrical signals. We identified a novel and evolutionarily conserved protein, cilia-and flagella-associate...
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Animals detect odorous chemicals through specialized olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) that transduce odorants into neural electrical signals. We identified a novel and evolutionarily conserved protein, cilia-and flagella-associated protein 69 (CFAP69), in mice that regulates olfactory transduction kinetics. In the olfactory epithelium, CFAP69 is enriched in OSN cilia, where olfactory transduction occurs. Bioinformatic analysis suggests that a large portion of CFAP69 can form Armadillo-type alpha-helical repeats, which may mediate protein-protein interactions. OSNs lacking CFAP69, remarkably, displayed faster kinetics in both the on and off phases of electrophysiological responses at both the neuronal ensemble level as observed by electroolfactogram and the single-cell level as observed by single-cell suction pipette recordings. In single-cell analysis, OSNs lacking CFAP69 showed faster response integration and were able to fire APs more faithfully to repeated odor stimuli. Furthermore, both male and female mutant mice that specifically lack CFAP69 in OSNs exhibited attenuated performance in a buried food pellet test when a background of the same odor to the food pellet was present even though they should have better temporal resolution of coding olfactory stimulation at the peripheral. Therefore, the role of CFAP69 in the olfactory system seems to be to allow the olfactory transduction machinery to work at a precisely regulated range of response kinetics for robust olfactory behavior.
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