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The second revision of the Norwegian Joint Operational Doctrine (NJOD) is an example of how a small state within the NATO framework presents a national ambition of conducting joint operations. Even if NATO doctrine is the cornerst...
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The second revision of the Norwegian Joint Operational Doctrine (NJOD) is an example of how a small state within the NATO framework presents a national ambition of conducting joint operations. Even if NATO doctrine is the cornerstone for the application of military force in Norway, there are some unique conditions and ambitions that Norway has chosen to put into its own doctrine. With the revision, Norway has institutionalized and formalized the doctrine process based upon the experience from earlier efforts and the NATO procedures. It has established a process that ensures a continuous doctrine cycle with few resources and can easily draw on more resources in a project-based development if need be. The process is discussed on the basis of the official minutes from the relevant meetings. This gives a unique insight in the process, and the challenges and solutions a small nation meets in creating national doctrines.
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Considered as being the main component element of the advisory procedure, an endorsement is an opinion that an administrative body requests from certain authorities and administrative structures, according to the subject matter of...
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Considered as being the main component element of the advisory procedure, an endorsement is an opinion that an administrative body requests from certain authorities and administrative structures, according to the subject matter of the regulation, to adopt/issue an administrative deed.In this article, using logical interpretation as well as comparative analysis, we set out to highlight the significance of endorsements in Romania, outline their legal nature, and establish the relationships between the types of endorsements, so that the conclusions may represent a starting point for a future theory of this type of documents.We considered the French specialty literature to give a comparative law note to our approach.At the same time, we considered certain types of endorsements in some European states, based on the analysis of a Codex regarding a series of Constitutions of some European states in order to emphasize the importance they give to these endorsements.We gave an overview of the theory of endorsements through the lens of the existing legislation over time in Romania or rather, its lack thereof.In our study, we also referred to the draft ReNEUAL Code of Administrative Procedure of the European Union, which aims at “transposing the European values into the regulation of administrative procedure related to the non-legislative implementation of European Union law and policy”.We set out on this analysis, considering the lack of legal regulation of endorsements, their legal nature, and their effects, with reference not only to doctrine but also to some cases that we considered for analysis from court practice.In the framework of the new effort to develop the Code (still in the draft form) in Romania, it seems that endorsements will receive their well-deserved place, distinct from simple administrative operations.Our main approach concerns Romanian legislation, doctrine, and jurisprudence, but it also includes a brief analysis of the jurisdiction of the Court of the European Union, with reference to the endorsements issued at the level of the institutions of the European Union.As a general conclusion, we believe that endorsements should be separately regulated, by clearly distinguishing between administrative documents and administrative operations, in the future Code of Administrative Procedure.
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In the last decades, Japan and Southeast Asian countries have been built a cooperative relationship which now becomes essential for the development and prosperity of each other. From historical perspectives, the so-called Fukuda D...
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In the last decades, Japan and Southeast Asian countries have been built a cooperative relationship which now becomes essential for the development and prosperity of each other. From historical perspectives, the so-called Fukuda Doctrine is important, which is Japan’s three principlesfor diplomacy announced in 1974 by then Prime Minister Takeo Fukuda. The policy renounces being a military superpower, promotes having a “heart-to-heart” understanding, and strives to create “equal partnership,” and it has been determinant in Japan’s relationswith Southeast Asia for the following decades. The list of “the Japan-ASEAN major cooperation projects” shows that most of the projects under the principle have been set in cultural and economic field while they have less presence in political and security issues. The result ofthe “Opinion Poll on Japan in Seven ASEAN Countries” in 2014 by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan shows that ASEAN members consider Japan as a friendly and reliable partner and positively evaluate Japan-ASEAN cooperation specialized to economic and cultural field. On theother hand, the poll also indicates that there is a high expectation that Japan should play a more positive role in the region’s political and security issues.
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Partnership between doctor and patient, forming a therapeutic
alliance, has become increasingly recognized as crucial
in the provision of effective healthcare.1,2 This partnership
rests on mutual trust and respect— the patient sh...
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Partnership between doctor and patient, forming a therapeutic
alliance, has become increasingly recognized as crucial
in the provision of effective healthcare.1,2 This partnership
rests on mutual trust and respect— the patient should
repose trust in the doctor, and the doctor must respect the
autonomy of the patient. In some ways, it is an unequal
partnership, given the doctor’s technical knowledge and
skills, and doctors often have been accused of paternalism
(the doctor regarding himself as the best judge of what is
good for the patient).3 Nowhere has this been as resonant
as in the sphere of information disclosure and consent.4
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At first glance, Augustine did not combine his soteriology and his Trinitarian doctrine in his anti-Pelagian oeuvre. Therefore, this article pursues the more hidden and implicit connections between these topics. The starting point...
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At first glance, Augustine did not combine his soteriology and his Trinitarian doctrine in his anti-Pelagian oeuvre. Therefore, this article pursues the more hidden and implicit connections between these topics. The starting point of this endeavour is an analysis of the Enchiridion, a catechetical work in which Augustine interpreted the Roman—later so-called Apostle's—Creed. Simultaneously, Augustine directed his attention in the Enchiridion to questions and arguments which originate from the Pelagian controversy such as original sin, grace, baptism, remission of sin(s) and the theory of predestination. Thus, this article ponders the question of how Augustine reflected his Trinitarian doctrine within this anti-Pelagian soteriology. While Augustine seldom referred to his Trinitarian doctrine explicitly in the Enchiridion (and his anti-Pelagian oeuvre), he presented in these works a conception of how the triune God operates as creator and saviour. This anti-Pelagian concept of God seizes several aspects which also appear in Augustine's De trinitate. Moreover, by emphasising the unity of God's operation as creator and saviour against the Pelagians, Augustine argued in favour of a specific Trinitarian doctrine: opera trinitatis ad extra inseparabilia. Thus, this article finally tries to analyse how Augustine amalgamated his anti-Pelagian Christocentric soteriology with his Trinitarian doctrine.
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Traditional ethics reflection centers the discussion in conflicts that affect humans. According to epistemology-based ethics, facts are needed to include other living beings as object of ethical consideration. In this sense, huge ...
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Traditional ethics reflection centers the discussion in conflicts that affect humans. According to epistemology-based ethics, facts are needed to include other living beings as object of ethical consideration. In this sense, huge efforts have been made to demonstrate that animal suffering is real. However, the ethical reflection only reaches large vertebrates and some species of small ones, excluding invertebrates. However, a different approach (ethic-based epistemology) is equally valid and questions the assumptions of traditional ethics. This new insight does not demand facts to demonstrate that living beings should be considered ethically, since ethics should be first than epistemology (facts). Thus, all living beings should be treated with respect and a relationship based on empathy should be established. In this context, we discuss all the advances made in echinoderm research in the last 3000 years and the different uses humans made of these organisms. Finally we emphasize that, when studying echinoderms, a reflection about our behavior as researchers is necessary, and we encourage the use of ethically responsible research. Rev. Biol. Trop. 65(Suppl. 1): S11-S22. Epub 2017 November 01.
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Whereas Huntington and other like-minded scholars argue that a clash of civilisations is inevitable, this essay presents the opposite view that religion itself is not at the root of conflicts. The authors describe the theological ...
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Whereas Huntington and other like-minded scholars argue that a clash of civilisations is inevitable, this essay presents the opposite view that religion itself is not at the root of conflicts. The authors describe the theological foundations for the Christian understanding of Christ and the Muslim understanding of jihād, and examine how both these traditions have been misunderstood and misinterpreted in order to justify violence.
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Forty years ago, in Flint Ridge Development Company v. Scenic Rivers Association of Oklahoma, the Supreme Court reserved a critical question that the federal courts have endeavored to answer. In so doing, the lower courts forged t...
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Forty years ago, in Flint Ridge Development Company v. Scenic Rivers Association of Oklahoma, the Supreme Court reserved a critical question that the federal courts have endeavored to answer. In so doing, the lower courts forged the novel common law doctrine of "implied exemption, " which releases agencies from National Environmental Policy Act obligations when they undertake "non-discretionary" actions. This Article tracks the development and consequences of this largely unnoticed but influential doctrine and concludes that, given the chance, the Roberts Court will uphold it. It also evaluates the doctrine's impact on agency behavior and offers modifications that would realign the incentives of agencies and courts as the doctrine matures and spreads to other statutes.
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This paper argues against the unity of 'mercantilism', refuting a rational reconstruction that underestimates both the diversity of early modern European economists and their writings, and the depth of their analyses. Beginning wi...
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This paper argues against the unity of 'mercantilism', refuting a rational reconstruction that underestimates both the diversity of early modern European economists and their writings, and the depth of their analyses. Beginning with a brief examination of the origins of 'mercantilism' and the evolution of perceptions of it, we examine the various readings proposed of 'mercantilist' writings (classical 'reconstruction', the German historical school and then contemporary work). The 'deconstruction' undertaken here does not aim to demonstrate that pre-classical writings were devoid of any conceptualisation or internal coherence. However, contemporary readers must make some effort to grasp the concepts used and engage with the proposals made. To this end it might be useful to propose an initial classification of authors based on their social position. The paper identifies different categories of writers and proposes new combinations of authors, reflecting the range of economic, and especially monetary, thinking of the period, with reference to the position of those authors relative to the spheres of government in Europe. This categorisation takes account of the social position of the authors, so as to identify any implications it might have for their concerns and their proposals. We first identify three categories of writers who are generally outside those spheres (late scholastics, economic philosophers and pamphleteers); then two categories of 'insiders' (officers of the mint and treasury administrators). The closeness of authors to the regime significantly influenced their writings.
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This article addresses the doctrinal controversy over the various characterizations of irritability and sensibility. In the middle of the eighteenth Century, this scientific debate involved some encyclopaedist physicians, Albrecht...
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This article addresses the doctrinal controversy over the various characterizations of irritability and sensibility. In the middle of the eighteenth Century, this scientific debate involved some encyclopaedist physicians, Albrecht Von Haller (1709-1777), Jean-Jacques Menuret de Chambaud (1733-1815), and Theophile de Borden (1722-1776). The doctor from Bern described irritability as an experimental property of the Muscle fibers and made it the basis of a neo-mechanism in which organic reactions are related to the degree of irritation of the fibers. The practitioners from Montpellier considered sensibility, a property of living matter, to be a spontaneous activity of the organ and developed around this notion an original conception of the organism as the sum of the specific lives of each part. Beyond conceptual divergences, two ways of thinking whose philosophical presuppositions (conception of living matter, mechanism, and organicism), were in opposition, while their epistemological principles (experience versus observation) and their medical practices (active medicine and expectant medicine) went on to evolve in different directions. The privileged place granted to experimentation and assessment enabled physiology to be articulated as an autonomous scientific discipline; the pre-eminence of observation and attention to the radical specificity of the living being Constituted the bases of clinical medicine.
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