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Business diplomacy is a way for business to constructively engage and negotiate with multiple business and non-business stakeholders, mitigate geopolitical and commercial risk and influence actors within the global arena. In this ...
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Business diplomacy is a way for business to constructively engage and negotiate with multiple business and non-business stakeholders, mitigate geopolitical and commercial risk and influence actors within the global arena. In this paper, we have surveyed, analysed and synthesised business diplomacy and related literature with the aim of developing a deeper understanding of business diplomacy. The findings of this study include an integrative definition of business diplomacy, a conceptual framework of business diplomacy's core categories and a descriptive theory of business diplomacy. These results should help improve managers' and academics' understanding of what business diplomacy is, how to organise it and what benefits may be realised. This paper should help solidify business diplomacy as a serious field of academic and practitioner research.
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The pandemic of COVID-19 struck the world in early 2020. China, which is regarded as the source of the new disease was also the first one to overcome it. After controlling the outbreak domestically, China started conducting public...
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The pandemic of COVID-19 struck the world in early 2020. China, which is regarded as the source of the new disease was also the first one to overcome it. After controlling the outbreak domestically, China started conducting public diplomacy offensive, which we will call 'coronavirus diplomacy.' Its main focus is put on assisting other countries that are still struggling with high numbers of infections and many difficulties, such as shortages in medical equipment or medical staff. This article aims to review public diplomacy activities undertaken by China in conjunction with the COVID-19 pandemic in Spring 2020. The goal is to determine what messages the Chinese government has been sending through those activities. The investigation was qualitative and the main research method employed is content analysis. The authors analyzed statements of China's representatives in search of the messages that were supposed to be communicated.
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The diplomatic arena has become hybrid arena with actors of a diverse set of backgrounds: next to the traditional diplomats there are international business representatives, representatives of international Non-Governmental Organi...
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The diplomatic arena has become hybrid arena with actors of a diverse set of backgrounds: next to the traditional diplomats there are international business representatives, representatives of international Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs), civil society organisations and local communications. They have all been accepted and given access to the diplomatic arena since in the current global governance arena, governments need these new actors in order to deal with global challenges. Negotiation competences are key for diplomats, representatives of businesses, NGOs, civil society organisations or governments alike, to get things done' in the global diplomatic arena. This is not new and the literature on negotiations is vast. However, much of the literature is derived from or based on theory, or lacks an empirical basis to demonstrate that the negotiation tools as proposed actually work. In this paper, we introduce three negotiation tools that are built on extensive experience in international diplomatic negotiations, build on practice.
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The 21st century is characterised by grand challenges, external shocks and global fragilities, such as economic volatility and societal upheaval in our interconnected communities. International business managers must adapt to cons...
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The 21st century is characterised by grand challenges, external shocks and global fragilities, such as economic volatility and societal upheaval in our interconnected communities. International business managers must adapt to consider geopolitics as relevant to their activities, to integrate political risk analyses into their business decisions. International society is in need of content-sensitive orientation knowledge to reassess, adjust and accommodate diplomacy's essentials (human factor interactions) to new expectations of the public sphere. In a qualitative leap towards a change of mindset, decision-makers should learn to think and act responsibly through the middle of conflictual situations towards compromise and consensus, thus managing politics through diplomacy. Transnational corporations can profit from traditional state diplomacy in order to create a reliable working environment and to anticipate and avoid costly conflicts, if they practice Corporate Diplomacy as a key concept of trusted and coordinated collaboration with government and local host communities. Corporations adhering to the diplomatic communication tool of Corporate Diplomacy are also gaining legitimacy and political influence over the development of societies.
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Purpose - A number of scholars including Benno Signitzer and Jacquie L'Etang have proposed public diplomacy as an alternative model to describe and/or inform the practices of public relations. However, international relations and ...
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Purpose - A number of scholars including Benno Signitzer and Jacquie L'Etang have proposed public diplomacy as an alternative model to describe and/or inform the practices of public relations. However, international relations and political science scholars claim major differences between public diplomacy and PR, and few studies have sought to reconcile these claims and counter-claims. The purpose of this paper is to report a comparative analysis of key concepts and principles of public diplomacy. Design/methodology/approach - This article reports a comparative analysis of key concepts and principles of public diplomacy and the "new diplomacy" as described by Shaun Riordan and public relations (PR) as defined in Excellence theory and other contemporary models of PR to identify commonalties as well as divergences, and discusses how these can inform PR theory and practice. Findings - This analysis shows similarities between these fields of practice, as well as six unique concepts and principles of public diplomacy and "new diplomacy" that inform corporate diplomacy and organisational diplomacy as an alternative paradigm to "public relations". Practical implications - Reconceptualising PR as corporate and organisational diplomacy involves much more than a name change. It recasts PR within alternative theoretical frameworks that are significantly different to those of dominant paradigms of PR and informs new and refined approaches to practice. Social implications - Adopting the concepts and principles of public diplomacy and "new diplomacy" also would provide a more ethical and societally-orientated approach to PR. Originality/value - Most studies comparing public diplomacy and PR have focussed on commonalities with a view to expanding PR's territorial claim or gaining validation of PR. This analysis takes the opposite approach, identifying concepts and principles of public diplomacy and "new diplomacy" that contribute to an alternative paradigm of PR that is more effective, more societally-orientated, more ethical, and ultimately more publicly accepted.
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Not only the ancient Olympic truce practice but also the rules of modern football game demonstrate that sports can work as a supplementary means in international dispute settlement. Sports diplomacy is a tool which expresses polit...
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Not only the ancient Olympic truce practice but also the rules of modern football game demonstrate that sports can work as a supplementary means in international dispute settlement. Sports diplomacy is a tool which expresses political attitudes and can improve the national image. Sports diplomacy sets a foundation for further public opinion direction and also it can cultivate a good atmosphere between the countries to help resolve disputes. 'Ping-pong diplomacy' proved to be a useful tool in Sino-US reconciliation in the late 1960s, which also showed the unique charm of sports diplomacy. Based on the historical experience of the Sino-US 'ping-pong diplomacy', the aim of this study is to analyse the applicability of sports diplomacy in the current global environment, while offering mechanism for the relevant international disputes, global problems and practical legal issues.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has forced diplomats to work online, but how have they adapted and what impact will this have going forward? Drawing on survey results from 105 diplomats, this article argues that diplomacy is about to enter ...
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The COVID-19 pandemic has forced diplomats to work online, but how have they adapted and what impact will this have going forward? Drawing on survey results from 105 diplomats, this article argues that diplomacy is about to enter a hybrid phase, in which physical and virtual engagements are expected to integrate, complement and empower each other.The COVID-19 pandemic has forced diplomats to embrace virtual platforms and to learn to combine virtual and physical meetings in their work. In this article, we investigate how this process has taken place and with implications for the conduct of diplomacy. Specifically, we ask how diplomats have adapted to the transition to the virtual medium, what lessons have they learned from this, and how these lessons may inform the conduct of diplomacy in the post-pandemic period? We argue that diplomacy is about to enter a new phase, which we call hybrid diplomacy, in which physical and virtual engagements are expected to integrate, complement and empower each other. We begin by distinguishing between digital adaptation, a forced process brought about by external changes, and digital adoption, a strategic decision by diplomats to use specific technologies towards specific goals. Building on the results of a survey disseminated to 105 diplomats during the pandemic, we then examine how diplomats have adapted to the virtual medium and what challenges they see facing as they transition to the post-pandemic phase. While responders largely agree that virtual interactions are not a good substitute for physical diplomacy, we find strong support for the continued mix of virtual and physical meetings. They enable diplomats to maintain working procedures, collaborate with their peers from around the world, and continue negotiations that began offline. We conclude with a discussion of the technological and social factors that may inform the shape of hybrid diplomacy.
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This article contributes to a better understanding of the dynamics of Islamist mobilization in sub-Saharan Africa. Since the late 1980s, several African societies have witnessed significant Islamist violence. Against this backgrou...
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This article contributes to a better understanding of the dynamics of Islamist mobilization in sub-Saharan Africa. Since the late 1980s, several African societies have witnessed significant Islamist violence. Against this background, the article provides a typology of rejectionist Islamism, a strain of Islamism that has left a major imprint both on East and West African settings. While rejectionist Islamist groups share as their common denominator the explicit negation of the nation state's legitimacy, they can be differentiated according to whether they violently challenge the state and are willing to participate in mainstream civil society. Thus, in this article I present four different types of rejectionist Islamism: 'isolationism', 'militant isolationism', 'participatory rejectionism' and 'militant participatory rejectionism'. Examining rejectionist groups from four African countries, I demonstrate my typology's capacity for facilitating a fine-grained assessment of individual group trajectories over time. Finally, I present findings on the determinants of the violent radicalization of rejectionist Islamist groups.Since the late 1980s, several Sub-Saharan African societies have witnessed significant Islamist violence. Focusing on religious extremists who explicitly reject the nation-state, Saalfield creates a typology to categorize rejectionist groups, helping us understand when a group starts to be a security threat.
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This conceptual article explores the role of international corporations as non-state actors in the process of public diplomacy as the global environment for diplomacy becomes increasingly multi-directional and networked. It provid...
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This conceptual article explores the role of international corporations as non-state actors in the process of public diplomacy as the global environment for diplomacy becomes increasingly multi-directional and networked. It provides an operational definition of the concept of corporate diplomacy and depicts potential contributions of the private sector, particularly the role of corporate social responsibility, in public diplomacy outcomes. The private sector has vast resources to contribute to public diplomacy, but corporations may be more willing to support, rather than to directly engage in public diplomacy in order to protect their economic self-interest Key issues for research about the role of the private sector in public diplomacy are motives and intentionality of corporate efforts and strategic coordination between business and governments.
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In a growing number of countries, national diplomatic systems are in a process of profound transformation as a response to the increased need for more commercial diplomacy. In order to pursue this priority effectively, governments...
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In a growing number of countries, national diplomatic systems are in a process of profound transformation as a response to the increased need for more commercial diplomacy. In order to pursue this priority effectively, governments of developed economies have integrated commercial diplomacy to their national diplomatic systems by re-arranging their foreign ministries and centralising commercial diplomacy. And although literature on commercial diplomacy of competitive economies has found its way into the mainstream of diplomatic studies, there is lack of smaller country based studies with regard to how they choose to organise it. In this light, the present study explores the contemporary organisational setup of commercial diplomacy in Greece. Specifically, it investigates the structures and processes that Greek governments have put in place and whether those are aligned with mainstream developments in the said area of diplomacy.
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