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Исследованы разные способы наработки необходимого количества очищенных вирусных препаратов SARS-CoV-2 для использования в качес...
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Исследованы разные способы наработки необходимого количества очищенных вирусных препаратов SARS-CoV-2 для использования в качестве антигенов и исследования биологии COVID-19.
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To prevent COVID-19, all available hygienic measuresmust be implemented, especially to protect the medicalstaff, but also the community. Since a large proportionof those infected release the virus before initial symptomsappear, pr...
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To prevent COVID-19, all available hygienic measuresmust be implemented, especially to protect the medicalstaff, but also the community. Since a large proportionof those infected release the virus before initial symptomsappear, protective measures that reduce the viral loadat the entry points are useful, since the probability of infection increases with exposure, and the initial viral loadinfluences the severity of the infection [1], [2].Antiseptic gargling and nasal antiseptics are simple preventive measures that have needlessly been forgotten.Gargling has long been used to reduce upper respiratorytract infections and to treat bacterial/viral infections (e.g.sore throats, colds), but it has gone out of fashion.Washing hands with soap and water and gargling withsaline solution was already recommended as a preventivemeasure by the German Health Council during theSpanish flu epidemic in 1918 [3]. In the former GDR,school children were advised to gargle with diluted potassium permanganate solution (pale pink) when enteringsummer holiday camp (author’s experience). Potassiumpermanganate solution is hardly used any more today,although it is available as a 1% mouth rinse solution.
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The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has prompted the scientific community and the pharmaceutical companies to put maximum efforts into developing vaccines to contain the spread of this disease...
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The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has prompted the scientific community and the pharmaceutical companies to put maximum efforts into developing vaccines to contain the spread of this disease. Presently, many vaccines have been developed and authorized for use in human beings in different countries. In particular, in Europe to date, the Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna, AstraZeneca and Janssen COVID-19 vaccines have been authorized. All of them are based on a version of the spike (S) glycoprotein characterized at the beginning of the pandemic. However, they differ by their level of efficacy against COVID-19. SARS-COV-2, like other RNA viruses, mutates continually. Genome sequencing analysis shows a nucleotide substitution rate of about 1 x 10(-3) substitutions per year that leads to the emergence of variants through point mutations, insertions, deletions and recombination. There is concern about the ability of the current vaccines to protect against emerging viral variants. Mutations in the S-glycoprotein may affect transmission dynamics and the risk of immune escape. In this review, we address the different technological platforms in use for developing COVID-19 vaccines, the impact of emerging viral variants on virus transmission, hospitalization, and response to current vaccines, as well as rare but important adverse reactions to them. Finally, different methods for measuring antibody response to the vaccines, including the importance of using the WHO International Standard to calibrate immunoassays accurately to an arbitrary unit, to reduce interlaboratory variation and to create a common language for reporting results, are reported.
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The aim of the study was to assess reinfection rates in relation to long-term antibody dynamics against SARS-CoV-2 after the first wave. A prospective longitudinal study with monthly serological follow-up during the first 4 months...
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The aim of the study was to assess reinfection rates in relation to long-term antibody dynamics against SARS-CoV-2 after the first wave. A prospective longitudinal study with monthly serological follow-up during the first 4 months, and then at 6, 8, and 10 months after the disease onset of all recovered adult in- and outpatients with COVID-19 attending Udine Hospital (Italy) from March to May 2020. During the follow-up, reinfections were collected. A total of 546 unselected individuals with COVID-19 acquired from March to May 2020 were included (292 female, mean age 53 years). After a median follow-up of 10 months (IQR 6.2-10.4), reinfection occurred in 6 (1.1%) patients, median age of 44.5 years (IQR 33-49). All had a previous history of mild COVID-19 (all were healthcare workers) and reinfection occurred a median of 9 months (IQR 8.2-10.2) after the onset of the first episode. Patients with reinfection were either seronegative (2/56, n = 3.6%), seroreverted (2/137, 1.5%), or seropositive (2/353, 0.6%) (p = 0.085). All reinfections were mild (n = 5) or asymptomatic (n=1). After reinfection, none of patients developed IgM response and only two had a transitory boosted IgG immunization response. In an unselected population after the first wave of COVID-19, after a prolonged observation period (mean 10 months), reinfection was very uncommon; occurred in patients with a previous history of mild infection, mostly with weak or absent serological response; and manifested with mild or asymptomatic clinical presentation.
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Появление вирусных респираторных патогенов, обладающих высоким пандемическим потенциалом, таких как SARS-CoV-2, представляет сер...
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Появление вирусных респираторных патогенов, обладающих высоким пандемическим потенциалом, таких как SARS-CoV-2, представляет серьезную проблему для здоровья человечества, при этом арсенал эффективных средств и методов профилактики и лечения пандемии новой инфекции крайне ограничен. Проведен анализ литературных источников, посвященных участию реактивных форм кислорода в патогенезе коронавируспых инфекций и возможностям антиоксидантной терапии. В связи с имеющимися данными об участии окислительного стресса в механизмах инициирования и поддержания нарушений гомеостаза при SARS-CoV-2 весьма эффективными могут быть подходы, сочетающие в себе снижение синтеза АФК, ингибированиерепликации вируса, противовоспалительное действие, снижение уровня гипоксии, а также понижение токсичного действия лекарственной терапии. Существенной представляется гипотеза о целесообразности купирования системного воспаления, направленного на ?гашение? цитокинового ?шторма?, обусловленного в большей степени продукцией активных форм кислорода. В связи с этим патофизиологически обоснованно использование в профилактических и лечебных целях препаратов антиоксидантного действия, хорошо зарекомендовавших себя на примере других вирусных респираторных инфекций. Гак, отмечена высокая активность препаратов витамина С, N-ацетилцистеина, мелатонина, кверцетина, глутатиона, астаксантина, полифенолов, полиненасыщенных жирных кислот и др. Кроме того, данные препараты эффективно защищают сосудистую стенку, что доказано для ряда сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний и может быть эффективно при развивающемся при COVID-I9 васкулите. Отмечается более выраженное комбинированное действие указанных препаратов, что уже находит свое применение в протоколах лечения пациентов с SARS-CoV-2. Отдельного внимания заслуживает также вопрос использования анти-оксидантных препаратов в качестве средств, снижающих токсичные проявления антивирусной терапии. Таким образом, применение средств с антиоксидантной активностью может быть обоснованно и, безусловно, позволит повысить эффективность борьбы с пандемией новой коронавирусной инфекции.
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In terms of public health, the 21st century has been characterized by coronavirus pandemics: in 2002-03 the virus SARS-CoV caused SARS; in 2012 MERS-CoV emerged and in 2019 a new human betacoronavirus strain, called SARS-CoV-2, ca...
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In terms of public health, the 21st century has been characterized by coronavirus pandemics: in 2002-03 the virus SARS-CoV caused SARS; in 2012 MERS-CoV emerged and in 2019 a new human betacoronavirus strain, called SARS-CoV-2, caused the unprecedented COVID-19 outbreak. During the course of the current epidemic, medical challenges to save lives and scientific research aimed to reveal the genetic evolution and the biochemistry of the vital cycle of the new pathogen could lead to new preventive and therapeutic strategies against SARS-CoV-2. Up to now, there is no cure for COVID-19 and waiting for an efficacious vaccine, the development of "savage" protocols, based on "old" anti-inflammatory and anti-viral drugs represents a valid and alternative therapeutic approach. As an alternative or additional therapeutic/preventive option, different in silico and in vitro studies demonstrated that small natural molecules, belonging to polyphenol family, can interfere with various stages of coronavirus entry and replication cycle. Here, we reviewed the capacity of wellknown (e.g. quercetin, baicalin, luteolin, hesperetin, gallocatechin gallate, epigallocatechin gallate) and uncommon (e.g. scutellarein, amentoflavone, papyriflavonol A) flavonoids, secondary metabolites widely present in plant tissues with antioxidant and anti-microbial functions, to inhibit key proteins involved in coronavirus infective cycle, such as PLpro, 3CL(pro), NTPase/helicase. Due to their pleiotropic activities and lack of systemic toxicity, flavonoids and their derivative may represent target compounds to be tested in future clinical trials to enrich the drug arsenal against coronavirus infections.
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Introduction: Coronaviruses encode a helicase that is essential for viral replication and represents an excellent antiviral target. However, only a few coronavirus helicase inhibitors have been patented. These patents include drug...
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Introduction: Coronaviruses encode a helicase that is essential for viral replication and represents an excellent antiviral target. However, only a few coronavirus helicase inhibitors have been patented. These patents include drug-like compound SSYA10-001, aryl diketo acids (ADK), and dihydroxychromones. Additionally, adamantane-derived bananins, natural flavonoids, one acrylamide derivative [(E)-3-(furan-2-yl)-N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)acrylamide], a purine derivative (7-ethyl-8-mercapto-3-methyl-3,7-dihydro-1 H-purine-2,6-dione), and a few bismuth complexes. The IC50 of patented inhibitors ranges between 0.82 mu M and 8.95 mu M, depending upon the assays used. Considering the urgency of clinical interventions against Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19), it is important to consider developing antiviral portfolios consisting of small molecules.Areas covered: This review examines coronavirus helicases as antiviral targets, and the potential of previously patented and experimental compounds to inhibit the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) helicase.Expert opinion: Small molecule coronavirus helicase inhibitors represent attractive pharmacological modalities for the treatment of coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. Rightfully so, the current emphasis is focused upon the development of vaccines. However, vaccines may not work for everyone and broad-based adoption of vaccinations is an increasingly challenging societal endeavor. Therefore, it is important to develop additional pharmacological antivirals against the highly conserved coronavirus helicases to broadly protect against this and subsequent coronavirus epidemics.
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SARS-CoV-2, responsible for the current pandemic, is a novel strain of the Coronaviridae family, which has infected humans as a result of the leap to a new species. It causes an atypical pneumonia similar to that caused by SARS-Co...
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SARS-CoV-2, responsible for the current pandemic, is a novel strain of the Coronaviridae family, which has infected humans as a result of the leap to a new species. It causes an atypical pneumonia similar to that caused by SARS-CoV in 2003. SARS-CoV-2 has currently infected more than 9,200,000 people and caused almost 480,000 deaths worldwide. Although SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV have similar phylogenetic and pathogenetic characteristics, they show important differences in clinical manifestations.
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Abstract Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is regarded as a threat because it spreads quickly across the world without requiring a passport or establishing an identity. This tiny virus has wreaked havoc ...
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Abstract Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is regarded as a threat because it spreads quickly across the world without requiring a passport or establishing an identity. This tiny virus has wreaked havoc on people’s lives, killed people, and created psychological problems all over the world. The viral spike protein (S) significantly contributes to host cell entry, and mutations associated with it, particularly in the receptor-binding protein (RBD), either facilitate the escape of virus from neutralizing antibodies or enhance its transmission by increasing the affinity for cell entry receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The initial variants identified in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK have spread to various countries. On the other hand, new variants are being detected in India and the USA. The viral genome and proteome were applied for molecular detection techniques, and nanotechnology particles and materials were utilized in protection and prevention strategies. Consequently, the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has resulted in extraordinary scientific community efforts to develop detection methods, diagnosis tools, and effective antiviral drugs and vaccines, where prevailing academic, governmental, and industrial institutions and organizations continue to engage themselves in large-scale screening of existing drugs, both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, COVID-19 pointed on the possible solutions for the environmental pollution globe problem. Therefore, this review aims to address SARS-CoV-2, its transmission, where it can be found, why it is severe in some people, how it can be stopped, its diagnosis and detection techniques, and its relationship with the environment.
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Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an ongoing global health emergency, is a highly transmittable and pathogenic viral infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Emerging in Wuhan, ...
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Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an ongoing global health emergency, is a highly transmittable and pathogenic viral infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Emerging in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, it spread widely across the world causing panic-worst ever economic depression is visibly predictable. Coronaviruses (CoVs) have emerged as a major public health concern having caused three zoonotic outbreaks; severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV (SARS-CoV) in 2002-2003, Middle East respiratory syndrome-CoV (MERS-CoV) in 2012, and currently this devastating COVID-19. Research strategies focused on understanding the evolutionary origin, transmission, and molecular basis of SARS-CoV-2 and its pathogenesis need to be urgently formulated to manage the current and possible future coronaviral outbreaks. Current response to the COVID-19 outbreak has been largely limited to monitoring/containment. Although frantic global efforts for developing safe and effective prophylactic and therapeutic agents are on, no licensed antiviral treatment or vaccine exists till date. In this review, research strategies for coping with COVID-19 based on evolutionary and molecular aspects of coronaviruses have been proposed.
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