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The Roma are comprised of many founder groups of common Indian origins but different socio-cultural characteristics. The Vlax Roma are one of the founder Roma populations characterized by a period of bondage in the historic Romani...
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The Roma are comprised of many founder groups of common Indian origins but different socio-cultural characteristics. The Vlax Roma are one of the founder Roma populations characterized by a period of bondage in the historic Romanian principalities, and by the archaic Romanian language. Demographic history suggests different migration routes of Roma populations, especially after their arrival in Mesopotamia and the eastern boundary of the Byzantine Empire. Although various genetic studies of uniparental genetic markers showed a connection between Roma genetic legacy and their migration routes, precise sampling of Roma populations elucidates this relationship in more detail. In this study, we analyzed mitochondrial DNA of 384 Croatian Vlax Roma from two geographic locations in the context of 734 European Roma samples. Our results show that Roma migration routes are marked with two Near-Eastern haplogroups, X2 and U3, whose inverse proportional incidence clearly separates the Balkan and the Vlax Roma from other Roma populations that reached Europe as part of the first migration wave. Spatial and temporal characteristics of these haplogroups indicate a possibility of their admixture with Roma populations before arrival in Europe. Distribution of haplogroup M35 indicates that all Vlax Roma populations descend from one single founder population that might even reach back to the original ancestral Indian population. Founder effects followed by strict endogamy rules can be traced from India to contemporary small, local communities, as in the case of two Croatian Vlax Roma populations that show clear population differentiation despite similar origins and shared demographic history.
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This study is the first report on the mtDNA diversity in the Roma population from Bosnia. The main aim of this study was to analyse the mtDNA diversity in the studied population, evaluate the genetic relations with other European ...
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This study is the first report on the mtDNA diversity in the Roma population from Bosnia. The main aim of this study was to analyse the mtDNA diversity in the studied population, evaluate the genetic relations with other European Roma populations, and analyse the influences of the Roma gene flow on the mitochondrial profile of the Roma from northeastern Bosnia. MtDNA variability in the analysed population has been studied by means of hypervariable segment I and II (HVSI/II) of the control region sequencing and analysis of restriction fragment-length polymorphisms of the coding region. Our results show that genetic structure of the Roma from northeastern Bosnia has a combination of lineages of three main layers: specific founder of Indian origin (M5a1 and M35b) and founder non-M lineages of Indian/European origin (H7a, X2b and X2d) and lineages of European/Middle East origin (H, H1, H11a, V, T2b, K1b and W). The distribution of the haplogroups in the gene pool of the comparative European Roma populations indicates the separate origin of the Bosnian Roma and the Bulgarian Vlax and Croatian Vlax Roma. The data suggest that mitochondrial gene pool of the Roma population from northeastern Bosnia might be a consequence of early parting and the later different migration routes that are part of their demographic history. Our data confirm the high genetic heterogeneity of the Roma populations that can be shaped by effects of genetic drift, isolation and low effective population size, and this correlates with the migratory history of the Roma.
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COVID-19 has exacerbated the vulnerability of the Roma communities in Europe. However, these communities have a strong sense of resilience, and the role of Roma women must be highlighted since they have historically nurtured solid...
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COVID-19 has exacerbated the vulnerability of the Roma communities in Europe. However, these communities have a strong sense of resilience, and the role of Roma women must be highlighted since they have historically nurtured solidarity networks even in the most challenging situations. Aim: A particular action organized by a Roma Association of Women is analyzed: the Roma Women Students’ Gathering (RWSG, or gathering). In its 19th edition, this democratic space aimed at tackling the challenges the pandemic has raised and its impact on the Roma communities. Method: The 19th RWSG, which was the first one held online, was inductively analyzed to gain a deeper understanding of the key aspects that the Roma women highlight when they organize themselves. Results: RWSG generates optimal conditions where Roma women identify the challenges affecting their community and, drawing on the dialogues shared, agree on strategies to contest them. RWSG also enhanced solidarity interactions that enabled the conquering of the virtual space, transforming it into an additional space where the Roma could help each other and thus better navigate the uncertainties unleashed by COVID-19. Key features of the Roma culture emerged in these spaces of solidarity, such as protecting the elderly and prioritizing community wellbeing rather than only the individual’s preferences. Conclusions: Roma women play a key role in weaving an organized response to the uncertainty derived from COVID-19, and connecting them to the public sphere, potentially achieving social and political impacts.
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On November 19, 2009, the via Rubattino shantytown, on the eastern outskirts of Milan, was forcibly evacuated. The eviction was amplified by heavy media coverage, as customary when the Nomad State of Emergency is concerned. 400 Ro...
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On November 19, 2009, the via Rubattino shantytown, on the eastern outskirts of Milan, was forcibly evacuated. The eviction was amplified by heavy media coverage, as customary when the Nomad State of Emergency is concerned. 400 Romanian Roma, of whom almost none had a regular work or residence permit, lived in the via Rubattino camp. 36 were minors who had attended school only a few months. After ten years, the majority of those families, although in situations different from one another, have a regular residence in regular housing units, with at least one adult working and children attending secondary school. In terms of numbers via Rubattino's is one of the most significant examples of successful transition from shacks to housing units, over the last few years. The aim of this text is to bring into focus the essential role played by the citizens living close to the camp (the so called "mothers and teachers of via Rubattino"), with the support of Community of Sant'Egidio. Their reaction against the relentless inhumanity systematically carried out by the Municipality has become a form of shared moral capital making common life possible. This experience should provide valuable insights aimed at improving the social conditions of the Roma population living in the slums, through an intercultural approach. But it is also a significant experience of education to citizenship for the local residents. The via Rubattino facts can also be read as an outstanding example of implementation at the local level of the National Strategy for the Inclusion of Roma, Sinti and Caminanti (2012-2020). Paradoxically this positive outcome is the result of an informal alliance between citizens and private association in opposition to, rather than in collaboration with, public authorities.
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The Roma, as Europe's largest minority group and who experience disproportionate levels of poverty, unemployment, poor accommodation and social exclusion have received significant political and policy-related attention in recent y...
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The Roma, as Europe's largest minority group and who experience disproportionate levels of poverty, unemployment, poor accommodation and social exclusion have received significant political and policy-related attention in recent years. In 2011 the European Parliament announced the EU Framework for National Roma Integration Strategies (NRIS) which marked the first EU wide effort to address Roma poverty and marginalisation via national strategies devised at the national level. Each member state has produced national strategies for Roma inclusion in the core areas of education, housing, health, employment and discrimination with a focus on integrated inclusion, e.g., recognising that inclusion in one sphere requires inclusion in the others. In 2017 the European Commission published its mid-term review of the EU Framework which examines the progress made in each member state. The series of articles in this special edition addresses the progress made in meeting the NRIS's objectives in seven member states each providing an in depth and critically informed analysis of policy development, progress and limitations in each country. The introduction provides a historical and policy context of the NRIS and considers its implications for the social integration and citizenship rights of Roma people.
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This paper explores the ways in which national governments address the social inclusion of disadvantaged and disenfranchised groups in official strategy documents of the state. Data for this study come from a corpus of four key go...
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This paper explores the ways in which national governments address the social inclusion of disadvantaged and disenfranchised groups in official strategy documents of the state. Data for this study come from a corpus of four key government strategy papers concerning Roma inclusion published by the Romanian Government between 2001 and 2015. This paper specifically looks at the ways in which strategy documents frame the problem of "crime" in the context of Roma inclusion. Texts were analysed using a critical frame analysis approach complemented by insights from discursive research. The findings highlight that although generally government policy on the Roma adopts and promotes a progressive/liberal agenda that aligns with EU strategic goals, pronounced ambivalence towards Roma people and subtle forms of racism are still present and persist.
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THE ?ROMA PROBLEM” HAS ALWAYS BEEN A DISCUSSION SUBJECT, IN THE EUROPEAN ANDNATIONAL GOVERNANCE. SINCE ROMANIA JOINED THE E.U. THE SUBJECT BECOME MORE ANDMORE “ADVERTISED”, THEREFOR, AT THE EUROPEAN AND NATIONAL LEVEL “GOVERNA...
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THE ?ROMA PROBLEM” HAS ALWAYS BEEN A DISCUSSION SUBJECT, IN THE EUROPEAN ANDNATIONAL GOVERNANCE. SINCE ROMANIA JOINED THE E.U. THE SUBJECT BECOME MORE ANDMORE “ADVERTISED”, THEREFOR, AT THE EUROPEAN AND NATIONAL LEVEL “GOVERNANCE FORTHE ROMA COMMUNITY” IS A TOP POINT OF THE PUBLIC POLICIES.IN ROMANIA “THE GOVERNANCE FOR ROMA” WISHES TO DESIGNATE SOLUTIONS IN THE ROMAISSUES, THROUGH TWO ELEMENTS WHICH ARE SUPPOSED TO MAKE A WHOLE UNIT: ROMAINSTITUTIONS AND PUBLIC POLICIES FOR ROMA. IF AT THE GOVERNANCE LEVEL WE DO HAVE AFEW INSTITUTIONS OF LOCAL AND CENTRAL LEVEL THAT DEALS, COHERENTLY WE MIGHT SAY,ESPECIALLY WITH THE ROMA ISSUES, AT THE PRACTICAL LEVEL, OR IF YOU WILL, AT THEIMPLEMENTATION LEVEL, PUBLIC POLICIES FOR ROMA ARE AT LEAST OBJECTIONABLE. THISGIVES US THE CHANCE TO CHANGE THE TERM OF INTEGRATION WITH THE TERM OF?GOVERNANCE”.IN A COMMOM AGREED WITH THE EUROPEAN MINORITYES PROTECTION PRINCIPALES ANDLEGISLATION, ROMANIA SUCCEDED PARTIALY TO START A ROMA INTEGRATION PROCESS, BUTBECAUSE OF LACK OF BUDGET FUNDS (WITH SMALL EXCEPTIONS) FROM NATIONAL STATEORIGIN, THE WHOLE PROCESS IS MUCH DELAYED, WHICH EVENTUALY CONDUCTS TO ROMAMIGRATION FROM ROMANIA TO WESTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRYES.
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Abstract Objectives We investigated whether the severely disadvantaged health of Hungarian Roma adults living in segregated settlements changed by the Decade of Roma Inclusion program. Methods We compared the results of two paired...
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Abstract Objectives We investigated whether the severely disadvantaged health of Hungarian Roma adults living in segregated settlements changed by the Decade of Roma Inclusion program. Methods We compared the results of two paired health interview surveys that we carried out using the same methodology before and after the Decade, on the general Hungarian and Roma populations. Results Self-perceived health status of younger Roma worsened, while it improved among older Roma. Reported experience of discrimination reduced considerably and health care utilization improved in general. Positive changes in smoking and nutrition, and negative changes in alcohol consumption and overweight were observed. Many of observed changes can plausibly be linked to various government policies, including a quadrupling of public works expenditure, banning smoking in public places, restricting marketing of tobacco products, increasing cigarette prices, and a new tax on unhealthy foods. Liberalization of rules on alcohol distillation coincided with worsening alcohol consumption. Conclusions We have shown that Roma remain severely disadvantaged and present an innovative sampling method which can be used to monitor changes in groups where identification is a challenge.
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This paper examines the issue of poverty and social exclusion of Roma in Slovakia. It highlights the problem of poverty among Roma communities, which together with segregation leads to absolute poverty and social exclusion. Based ...
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This paper examines the issue of poverty and social exclusion of Roma in Slovakia. It highlights the problem of poverty among Roma communities, which together with segregation leads to absolute poverty and social exclusion. Based on ethnographic research the paper examines conditions in which inhabitants of segregated Roma communities sustain their livelihoods. In the qualitative part of our research we ask how inhabitants of segregated settlements organize and manage their livelihood and what strategies and practices they use to ensure social reproduction. Further, we assess the articulations between exclusion and social networks and other spheres of assets, including formal and informal labour, state benefits and the use of material assets. We argue that spatial segregation has an enormous impact on poverty.
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Some 3,000 Roma, or gypsies, reside in Lithuania today, most ofthem in Vilnius, the rest scattered about in Eisiskes, Seredzius,Zargare,Troskunai, and Pajuodupis. Andrew Miksys visitedthese towns and villages from 1999 to 2006, se...
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Some 3,000 Roma, or gypsies, reside in Lithuania today, most ofthem in Vilnius, the rest scattered about in Eisiskes, Seredzius,Zargare,Troskunai, and Pajuodupis. Andrew Miksys visitedthese towns and villages from 1999 to 2006, selecting forty-ninecolor photographs from his encounters for the album at hand.The title BAXT, printed boldly in gilt on the black cloth cover, isnot an enigmatic acronym, but an ordinary Romani word, pro-nounced "bacht," which, depending on the context, can meanluck, fate, destiny, fortune, karma, or kismet. It is an altogetherapt choice for the book's title because the assembled imagessuggest that neither the Roma nor their relationship to the soci-ety enveloping them is likely to change anytime soon.
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