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Nanotechnologies have been advantageous in many sectors and gaining much concern due to the unique physical, chemical and biological properties of nanomaterials (NMs). We have surveyed peer-reviewed publications related to “nanot...
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Nanotechnologies have been advantageous in many sectors and gaining much concern due to the unique physical, chemical and biological properties of nanomaterials (NMs). We have surveyed peer-reviewed publications related to “nanotechnology”, “NMs”, “NMs water treatment”, “NMs air treatment”, and “NMs environmental risk” in the last 23 years. We found that most of the research work is focused on developing novel applications for NMs and new products with peculiar features. In contrast, there are relatively few of publications concerning NMs as environmental contaminants relative to that for NMs applications. Thus, we devoted this review for NMs as emerging environmental contaminants. The definition and classification of NMs will be presented first to demonstrate the importance of unifying the NMs definition. The information provided here should facilitate the detection, control, and regulation of NMs contaminants in the environment. The high surface-area-to-volume ratio and the reactivity of NMs contaminants cause the prediction of the chemical properties and potential toxicities of NPs to be extremely difficult; therefore, we found that there are marked knowledge gaps in the fate, impact, toxicity, and risk of NMs. Consequently, developing and modifying extraction methods, detection tools, and characterization technologies are essential for complete risk assessment of NMs contaminants in the environment. This will help also in setting regulations and standards for releasing and handling NMs as there are no specific regulations. Finally, the integrated treatment technologies are necessary for the removal of NMs contaminants in water. Also, membrane technology is recommended for NMs remediation in air.
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The new recommended definition of a nanomaterial, 2022/C 229/01, adopted by the European Commission in 2022, will have a considerable impact on European Union legislation addressing chemicals, and therefore tools to implement this...
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The new recommended definition of a nanomaterial, 2022/C 229/01, adopted by the European Commission in 2022, will have a considerable impact on European Union legislation addressing chemicals, and therefore tools to implement this new definition are urgently needed. The updated NanoDefiner framework and its e-tool implementation presented here are such instruments, which help stakeholders to find out in a straightforward way whether a material is a nanomaterial or not. They are two major outcomes of the NanoDefine project, which is explicitly referred to in the new definition. This work revisits the framework and e-tool, and elaborates necessary adjustments to make these outcomes applicable for the updated recommendation. A broad set of case studies on representative materials confirms the validity of these adjustments. To further foster the sustainability and applicability of the framework and e-tool, measures for the FAIRification of expert knowledge within the e-tool's knowledge base are elaborated as well. The updated framework and e-tool are now ready to be used in line with the updated recommendation. The presented approach may serve as an example for reviewing existing guidance and tools developed for the previous definition 2011/696/EU, particularly those adopting NanoDefine project outcomes.
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One-dimensional (1D) organic and organometallic nanomaterials are of considerable interests for both fundamental research and potential applications. They are likely to play critical roles in improving the efficiency of various el...
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One-dimensional (1D) organic and organometallic nanomaterials are of considerable interests for both fundamental research and potential applications. They are likely to play critical roles in improving the efficiency of various electronic, photonic, biosensing devices, etc. In this context, the authors present a comprehensive review of current research on 1D organic and organometallic nanostructures. The synthetic strategies for achieving the 1D growth are elucidated by four categories: (1) template-based synthesis, (2) vapor-solid method, (3) solution-based self-assembly, and (4) dictation by the anisotropic nature. The unique thermal, optical, electronic, field emission properties and biocidal activity of 1D organic and organometallic nanostructures are consequently highlighted. Some promising applications in (integrated) molecular electronic, optoelectronic and photonic devices are also discussed.
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The skin is known to be the largest organ in the human body, while also being exposed to environmental elements. This indicates that skin is highly susceptible to physical infliction, as well as damage resulting from medical condi...
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The skin is known to be the largest organ in the human body, while also being exposed to environmental elements. This indicates that skin is highly susceptible to physical infliction, as well as damage resulting from medical conditions such as obesity and diabetes. The wound management costs in hospitals and clinics are expected to rise globally over the coming years, which provides pressure for more wound healing aids readily available in the market. Recently, nanomaterials have been gaining traction for their potential applications in various fields, including wound healing. Here, we discuss various inorganic nanoparticles such as silver, titanium dioxide, copper oxide, cerium oxide, MXenes, PLGA, PEG, and silica nanoparticles with their respective roles in improving wound healing progression. In addition, organic nanomaterials for wound healing such as collagen, chitosan, curcumin, dendrimers, graphene and its derivative graphene oxide were also further discussed. Various forms of nanoparticle drug delivery systems like nanohydrogels, nanoliposomes, nanofilms, and nanoemulsions were discussed in their function to deliver therapeutic agents to wound sites in a controlled manner.
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Nanotechnology is a rapidly emerging field of great interest and promise. As new materials are developed and commercialized, hazard information also needs to be generated to reassure regulators, workers, and consumers that these m...
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Nanotechnology is a rapidly emerging field of great interest and promise. As new materials are developed and commercialized, hazard information also needs to be generated to reassure regulators, workers, and consumers that these materials can be used safely. The biological properties of nanomaterials are closely tied to the physical characteristics, including size, shape, dissolution rate, agglomeration state, and surface chemistry, to name a few. Furthermore, these properties can be altered by the medium used to suspend or disperse these water-insoluble particles. However, the current toxicology literature lacks much of the characterization information that allows toxicologists and regulators to develop "rules of thumb" that could be used to assess potential hazards. To effectively develop these rules, toxicologists need to know the characteristics of the particle that interacts with the biological system. This void leaves the scientific community with no options other than to evaluate all materials for all potential hazards. Lack of characterization could also lead to different laboratories reporting discordant results on seemingly the same test material because of subtle differences in the particle or differences in the dispersion medium used that resulted in altered properties and toxicity of the particle. For these reasons, good characterization using a minimal characterization data set should accompany and be required of all scientific publications on nanomaterials.
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In an ideal world, regulation should seek to facilitate and harmonize the identification, characterization and control of all hazards, exposures and risks associated with substances and products, to protect human health and the en...
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In an ideal world, regulation should seek to facilitate and harmonize the identification, characterization and control of all hazards, exposures and risks associated with substances and products, to protect human health and the environment, while at the same time enhancing industrial competitiveness and innovation. To date, this is the center of current global debates on nanotechnology and its products. A challenging situation now occurs. Nanotoxicology data are required, many studies are ongoing and yet the questions remain open as to whether the obtained data are appropriate and what existing data can be used here. A critical aspect, perhaps even the most critical aspect of nanotoxicology, is the availability of no-effect data. We propose here a framework that includes all scientific data on nanomaterials which will contribute to the development of harmonized guidelines for nanomaterial safety studies.
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Purpose The need for a systematic evaluation of the human and environmental impacts of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) has been widely recognized, and a growing body of literature is available endorsing life cycle assessment (LCA)...
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Purpose The need for a systematic evaluation of the human and environmental impacts of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) has been widely recognized, and a growing body of literature is available endorsing life cycle assessment (LCA) as a valid tool for the same. The purpose of this study is to evaluate how the nano-specific environmental assessments are being done within the existing framework of life cycle inventory and impact assessment and whether these frameworks are valid and/or whether they can be modified for nano-evaluations. Method In order to do that, we reviewed the state-of-the-art literature on environmental impacts of nanomaterials and life cycle assessment studies on ENMs and nanoproducts. We evaluated the major characteristics and mechanisms under which nanomaterials affect the environment and whether these characteristics and mechanisms can be adequately addressed with current life cycle inventories and impact assessment practices. We also discuss whether the current data and knowledge accumulated around fate, transport, and toxicity of nanomaterials can be used to perform an interim evaluation while more data are being generated. Observations and recommendations We found that while there is plenty of literature available promoting LCA as a viable tool for ENMs and nanoproducts, there are only a handful of studies where at least some parts of life cycle were evaluated for nanoproducts or nanomaterial. None of the LCA studies on ENMs or nanoproducts that we came across assessed nano-specific fate, transport, and toxicity effects as part of their evaluation citing the lack of data as the primary reason. However, our literature review indicates that nano-LCA studies need not omit the assessment of nanomaterials' human health and environmental impact due to incomplete data. There is some evidence that scalability may exist in certain types of nanomaterial, and traditional characterization can be applied even below 100 nm up to the scalability breakdown limits. For the size range where the scalability cannot be established, it may be more appropriate to explore empirical relationships, though possibly crude, between nanomaterial properties and their impact on human health and environment. Empirical relationships thus derived can serve as valid input for assessment until specific data points for nanomaterial fate, transport, and toxicity become available. Finally, where there is no quantitative data available, qualitative inferences may be drawn based on the known information of the nanomaterial and its potential release pathways.
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Intermetallic nanomaterials have shown promising potential as
high-performance catalysts in various catalytic reactions due to their
unconventional crystal phases with ordered atomic arrangements. However,
controlled synthesis ...
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Intermetallic nanomaterials have shown promising potential as
high-performance catalysts in various catalytic reactions due to their
unconventional crystal phases with ordered atomic arrangements. However,
controlled synthesis of intermetallic nanomaterials with tunable crystal
phases and unique hollow morphologies remains a challenge. Here, a seeded
method is developed to synthesize hollow PdSn intermetallic nanoparticles
(NPs) with two different intermetallic phases, that is, orthorhombic Pd_2Sn
and monoclinic Pd_3Sn_2. Benefiting from the rational regulation of the crystal
phase and morphology, the obtained hollow orthorhombic Pd_2Sn NPs deliver
excellent electrocatalytic performance toward glycerol oxidation reaction
(GOR), outperforming solid orthorhombic Pd_2Sn NPs, hollow monoclinic
Pd_3Sn_2 NPs, and commercial Pd/C, which places it among the best reported
Pd-based GOR electrocatalysts. The reaction mechanism of GOR using the
hollow orthorhombic Pd2Sn as the catalyst is investigated by operando
infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy, which reveals that the hollow
orthorhombic Pd_2Sn catalyst cleaves the C–C bond more easily compared to
the commercial Pd/C. This work can pave an appealing route to the controlled
synthesis of diverse novel intermetallic nanomaterials with hollow
morphology for various promising applications.
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The widespread nanomaterial use in commercial products has fed significant concern over environmental health and safety ramifications. Initially, little was known as to how these highly reactive particulates interacted with biolog...
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The widespread nanomaterial use in commercial products has fed significant concern over environmental health and safety ramifications. Initially, little was known as to how these highly reactive particulates interacted with biological systems. Nanomaterials have introduced complexities not normally considered in traditional safety assessments of chemicals and therefore have generated uncertainty in the reliability of standard tests of safety. Advances in understanding the potential impacts of nanomaterials have occurred since their introduction, particularly for those used in the greatest quantities in commerce. The impact of characteristics such as charge, size, surface functionalization, chemical composition, and certain transformations on the potential effect of nanomaterials in the environment continue to move the field forward. However, generalizations of risk based on any one factor across nanomaterials is not possible. Estimating risk also remains difficult due to the introduction of materials that are new and more complex, minimal information on the specific molecular interactions of nanomaterials and organisms, and the need for more tools for measuring the dynamics of nanomaterial state and fate in complex matrices. Finally, exposure estimates are difficult due to difficulty of environmental monitoring which may be exacerbated by lack of information on nanomaterials in products and new uses in the marketplace.
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Nanozymes are super-efficient nanomaterials with enzyme-like characteristics, as the name suggests. In the last decade, efforts have been made to develop "artificial enzymes," which are alternatives to natural enzymes. As nanoscie...
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Nanozymes are super-efficient nanomaterials with enzyme-like characteristics, as the name suggests. In the last decade, efforts have been made to develop "artificial enzymes," which are alternatives to natural enzymes. As nanoscience and nanotechnology advance, nanozymes, which are catalytic nanomaterials having enzyme-like properties, have fascinated researchers' attention. Nanozymes with unique physicochemical properties and nanomaterials that mimic catalytic activity have gained a special interest in the industrial sectors. However, several constraints have hampered their effective deployment in industrial processes, including denaturation, time-consuming manufacturing, overall high cost-ratio, and reutilization challenges. After a brief overview of nanozyme research, an analysis of the similarities and differences between nanozymes and natural and synthetic enzymes is presented. Because of their distinct properties, nanozymes stand out in this comparison. Nanozymes have exhibited a variety of applications leveraging the physiochemical properties of nanomaterials, ranging from in vitro detection to enzyme substitution in biological systems. In addition, nanozymes have introduced a new field called nanozymology, which blends nanotechnology with enzymology.
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