摘要 :
Studies have identified two fundamentally different types of informal institutions: public and private informal institutions. Empirically, most studies have focused on public informal institutions such as social trust, since index...
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Studies have identified two fundamentally different types of informal institutions: public and private informal institutions. Empirically, most studies have focused on public informal institutions such as social trust, since indexes measuring private informal institutions such as closed trust have been rare. This research introduces a new index of private informal institutions that captures whether private informal institutions hinder or enhance development by complementing, accommodating, competing, or substituting formal institutions. To this end, we introduce an empirical strategy to measure the four types of private informal institutions for more than 120 countries for the years 1990-2010 in a five-year interval. The extracted index reveals that advanced industrial democracies have complementing and accommodating private informal institutions, whereas post-communist and resource-rich countries have substituting private informal institutions, and countries with some experience of democratization and development display competing private informal institutions. The index also shows that private informal institutions can change rapidly, which can expedite and enhance institutional quality for some countries but deteriorate it for others.
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Formal institutions, most prominently laws, impact society and also the economy by changing actors' behavior. How that impact can be conceptualized is in need of more elaboration. Klammer & Scorsone's (2022) recent publication opens avenues on how to understand the ways in which institutions can over-instruct, under-instruct and ambiguously instruct the behavior of actors. Sources of and direction for institutional change can then be better understood....
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Formal institutions, most prominently laws, impact society and also the economy by changing actors' behavior. How that impact can be conceptualized is in need of more elaboration. Klammer & Scorsone's (2022) recent publication opens avenues on how to understand the ways in which institutions can over-instruct, under-instruct and ambiguously instruct the behavior of actors. Sources of and direction for institutional change can then be better understood.
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This study introduces a comprehensive model of institutional grafting wherein cultural, market, and political forces shape new legal institutions. The model is used to suggest that a country’s growth rates are a function of incon...
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This study introduces a comprehensive model of institutional grafting wherein cultural, market, and political forces shape new legal institutions. The model is used to suggest that a country’s growth rates are a function of incongruence between legal institutions and the three forces. We demonstrate that incongruence is large in path-break but tends to be significantly smaller in path-drift. We argue that legal institutions are thereby instrumental to economic growth when a country drifts along the established institutional path and only modestly influence growth rates during institutional path change. In the latter case, the political dimension determines the success of both growth trajectories and institutional reforms. These propositions are tested empirically based on a sample of 106 countries derived from the POLITY IV Project’s website. JEL Classifications : O17, O43, O57, P26, P37.
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Institutions shape people's behavior and perception. This help reduce uncertainty. Institutions play an important role in shaping socio-economic outcomes. For this to happen institutions must be effective and functional. Instituti...
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Institutions shape people's behavior and perception. This help reduce uncertainty. Institutions play an important role in shaping socio-economic outcomes. For this to happen institutions must be effective and functional. Institutional effectiveness depends, to a large extent, on factors such as the existence of an enabling environment, which includes complementary institutions. Over the years, several developing countries introduced land formalization. The change in institutional arrangements, in many cases, was made in anticipation of a better land tenure security provision. However, it is not clear yet if the change in land institutions produces the intended result, for instance, in the absence of dependable complementary institutions such as politico-legal institutions. By doing a review of the literature and using data from Property Rights Alliance (IPRI 2018) and Freedom House this study analyzed 10 countries to find a correlation between land institutions' credibility and the quality of politico-legal institutions. This is to assess to what extent the success of land reform depends on the quality of the existing politico-legal institutions. The result of the study reveals that there is a strong correlation between the quality of politico-legal institutions and the quality of land institutions of a given country. This shows that land institutions and politico-legal institutions are highly interdependent. This underscores that in the absence of a strong or effective politico-legal institutions land reform might fail to fulfill its objectives, which undermines its credibility. To establish a credible land institution, it is imperative to put effective politico-legal institutions in place.
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As our world has become increasingly complex, everything has changed; yet, in an even larger sense, nothing about great leadership has changed. Just as the great institutions of the past had strong but different cultures underpinn...
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As our world has become increasingly complex, everything has changed; yet, in an even larger sense, nothing about great leadership has changed. Just as the great institutions of the past had strong but different cultures underpinned by explicitly stated or implicitly understood values and principles, so too, the great organizations of today and tomorrow require top leaders who consider their most important job to be the creation, nurturing and, yes, carefully adapting value-based cultures which enable organizations and their people to prosper while consistently adhering to well-understood values and operating principles.
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How do we reconcile misalignments between a system's existing normative and cognitive elements and novel regulatory change? Prior work either largely focuses only on regulatory change or analyzes normative and cognitive barriers i...
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How do we reconcile misalignments between a system's existing normative and cognitive elements and novel regulatory change? Prior work either largely focuses only on regulatory change or analyzes normative and cognitive barriers in parallel to rather than in interaction with regulatory change. Moreover, the institutional entrepreneurship literature that focuses on reconciling such misalignments is predominantly centered on the tactics of entrepreneurs rather than the support provided by institutional carriers. We, therefore, use the case of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Knowledge Innova-tion Program (KIP) to better understand these neglected facets of institutional change. Through a mixed methods approach, we posit and find support for two key mechanisms that support regulatory change. First, institutional carriers (e.g., CAS institutes) clarify the market relevance of technical knowledge, linking cognitive support to regulatory change. Second, institutional carriers (e.g., science parks) create shared standards that could not occur otherwise, linking normative support to regulatory change. Finally, these changes to institutions seem particularly associated with more nascent clusters. Our study contributes to studies at the nexus between institutional change and entrepreneurship by highlighting the role of linking cognitive and normative support to regulatory changes aimed at in-creasing entrepreneurship.
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Institutional development has become a core component of international development programmes. Yet, institutional reforms have, to date, had a disappointing impact on poverty reduction in the South. The causality of the links betw...
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Institutional development has become a core component of international development programmes. Yet, institutional reforms have, to date, had a disappointing impact on poverty reduction in the South. The causality of the links between institutions and poverty reduction and how exactly the institutional environment and development outcomes affect each other is still unclear. A lack of analytical consensus has resulted in vague policy recommendations and a dearth of clear operational guidelines for international development practitioners. This article provides an overview of the main current institutional development debates and gaps in existing research, and identifies some key organisations working on institutional issues in the academic and practitioner spheres.
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Suggesting socio-cultural values are selectors of institutions and institutional practices, and institutions in turn are selectors of (economic) behaviors, we investigate what explains the persistence of institutions that were ali...
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Suggesting socio-cultural values are selectors of institutions and institutional practices, and institutions in turn are selectors of (economic) behaviors, we investigate what explains the persistence of institutions that were aligned with past socio-cultural values when the values subscribed to in society have fundamentally changed. What, in other words, explains the persistence of obsolete institutions? We do so by investigating the labor market situation for academics in post-communist societies in Europe.
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Purpose - There has been a diverse range of research on the factors enabling informal entrepreneurship as well as the means to avoid or to eradicate its incidence. However, the authors may also identify how a significant proportio...
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Purpose - There has been a diverse range of research on the factors enabling informal entrepreneurship as well as the means to avoid or to eradicate its incidence. However, the authors may also identify how a significant proportion of research on thisfield of study centres around developing economies and correspondingly justifying the application of such analysis to countries with different levels of economic development as is the case of Europe. The purpose of this paper is to depict the ways in which economic and political institutions influence informal entrepreneurship.Design/methodology/approach - To this end, the authors apply aggregate data at the national level collected from different sources, in particular the World Bank, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor and Freedom House, for the years between 2006 and 2015 and for 23 European countries amounting to a total of 229 observations (unbalanced panel). Findings - Through recourse to econometric estimations, based upon multiple regression model methodologies for panel data, the authors may report that the greater the quality of economic and political institutions, the lower the level of informal entrepreneurship.Originality/value - The authors thus seek to contribute towards a better understanding of the influence of institutions and the policies that may feasibly influence informal entrepreneurship.
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This article provides a review and analysis of institutional entrepreneurship research with a focus on the emergence of this literature within two largely divergent streams: sociology-based institutional theory and economics-based...
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This article provides a review and analysis of institutional entrepreneurship research with a focus on the emergence of this literature within two largely divergent streams: sociology-based institutional theory and economics-based institutional economics. The authors completed a review of 141 articles from these concurrent, but unlinked, research streams to understand how their integration might contribute to the further understanding of institutional entrepreneur-ship. Each stream is reviewed on its respective approaches to the following topics: the nature of the institutional entrepreneur, the types of institutions addressed, the determinants of institutional entrepreneurship, the mechanisms used in the process, and the empirical focus of each stream. The article recommends greater assimilation of the two streams and discusses specific opportunities for conceptual integration. Finally, the article offers an agenda for incorporating entrepreneurship research into the study of institutional entrepreneurship. Findings from this review suggest that while institutional economics focuses mostly on the antecedents and outcomes of institutional entrepreneurship, the institutional theory perspective is more concerned
with the process and mechanisms that drive such change. The authors also suggest that entre-preneurship theory can greatly advance our understanding of institutional entrepreneurship by informing whether and how opportunities for institutional change are recognized, discovered, and created, as well as by providing insights on the antecedents and mechanisms of such activity. Most important, integrating the unique perspectives and domains of institutional theory, institutional economics, and entrepreneurship research in the study of institutional entrepreneurship provides substantial opportunity for expanding our understanding of the concept and its implications.
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