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Migratory birds could be important vectors of pathogenic bacteria and antimicrobial resistance transmissions over long distances. The common crane (Grus grus) is one of the largest migratory birds in Europe which form numerous flo...
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Migratory birds could be important vectors of pathogenic bacteria and antimicrobial resistance transmissions over long distances. The common crane (Grus grus) is one of the largest migratory birds in Europe which form numerous flocks during migration. The aim of the study was to analyse enteromicroflora of common crane and to analyse the occurrence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in faecal samples of common crane collected at the most important migration stopover site of this bird species in Slovakia, the Special Protection Area Senianske rybníky. Upon cultivation on selective media 182 bacterial isolates were identified byMALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and analysed for antibiotic resistance. The most prevalent species of enterococci in faeces of common crane was Enterococcus casseliflavus (80.2%). Among Enterobaceriaceae isolates the most frequently detected species was Escherichia coli (51.5%) followed byPantoea agglomerans (20.8%) and Serratia liquefaciens (19.8%). Very low frequency of antibiotic resistant bacteria was detected in faeces of common crane during the three years research period. No antimicrobial resistance was detected in enterococci and a single ampicillin resistant Raoultella ornithinolytica isolate, carrying the blaKPC gene, was detected among enterobacteria. Our results suggest that contamination by common crane faeces represents minimal risk in terms of the spread of antimicrobial resistance in the environment. The presence of some pathogenic bacteria requires further investigation of the risk associated with the transmission of bacteria during migration of cranes.
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Understanding the habitat use and spatial distribution of wildlife can help conservationists determine high-priority areas and enhance conservation efforts. We studied the wintering habitat use, preference, and utilization distrib...
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Understanding the habitat use and spatial distribution of wildlife can help conservationists determine high-priority areas and enhance conservation efforts. We studied the wintering habitat use, preference, and utilization distribution of two crane species, that is, the black-necked crane (Grus nigricollis, Przevalski, 1876) and common crane (Grus grus90% of flocks observed for both species). Black-necked cranes preferred marshland in spring (February and March) but avoided grassland during the entire wintering period, whereas common cranes avoided both marshland and grassland throughout the entire period. The two cranes species had communal nightly roosting sites and separate daily foraging sites. Black-necked cranes were distributed within two km (1.89 ± 0.08 km) of the roosting site, covering an area of 283.84 ha, with the core distribution area encompassing less than 100 ha. In contrast, common cranes were distributed far from the roosting site (4.38 ± 0.11 km), covering an area of 558.73 ha, with the core distribution area encompassing 224.81 ha. Thus, interspecies competition may have influenced the habitat preference and spatial distribution divergence of these two phylogenetically related species. This study should help guide habitat management as well as functional zoning development and adjustment in the future. Based on our results, we recommend restoration of additional wetlands, retention of large areas of farmland, and protection of areas that cranes use most frequently.
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Bone remains of cranes from Holocene sites of the northern Black Sea region are analyzed. The distribution and number of crane subfossil records show that Anthropoides virgo was the most abundant and widespread species in the stud...
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Bone remains of cranes from Holocene sites of the northern Black Sea region are analyzed. The distribution and number of crane subfossil records show that Anthropoides virgo was the most abundant and widespread species in the study region. Bone remains of Grus grus are found in small numbers in some ancient burials, whereas those of the extremely rare Grus leucogeranus are revealed at only two different locations of early antiquity in the Dnieper estuary area. Detailed observations suggest that a significant number of cranes ended up in the seaside burials during the spring migration, when some of them, weakened after a night flight across the Black Sea, made a forced landing as soon as they had reached the coast. A comparison of the ratio of bone remains at the localities where all three crane species are present shows that the number of such records of Anthropoides virgo significantly exceeds that of the other two crane species. As the number of records of Grus grus and Grus leucogeranus appears to be similar, Grus leucogeranus may be suggested to have been more common in the northern Black Sea region in the past than it is at present.
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Bone remains of cranes from the Holocene localities of the northern Black Sea region are analyzed. The distribution and number of crane subfossil records show that Anthropoides virgo was the most abundant and widespread species in...
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Bone remains of cranes from the Holocene localities of the northern Black Sea region are analyzed. The distribution and number of crane subfossil records show that Anthropoides virgo was the most abundant and widespread species in the study region. Bone remains of Grus grus are found in small numbers in some ancient burials, whereas those of the extremely rare Grus leucogeranus are revealed only at two different locations of the early antique time in the Dnieper estuary area. Actualistic observations suggest that a significant number of cranes got into the seaside burials during the spring migration, when some of them, weakened after a night flight across the Black Sea, had made a forced landing as soon as they had reached the coast. A comparison of the ratio of bone remains at the localities where all three crane species are present shows that the number of such records ofAnthropoides virgo significantly exceeds that of the other two crane species. As the number of records of Grus grus and Grus leucogeranus appears to be similar, Grus leucogeranus may be suggested to have been more common in the northern Black Sea region in the past than it is at present.
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Three Eurasian Cranes Grus grus were successfully satellite tracked during their spring migration north from Gujarat, western India. They used the same migratory flyway across Pakistan and Afghanistan, skirting the Hindukush mount...
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Three Eurasian Cranes Grus grus were successfully satellite tracked during their spring migration north from Gujarat, western India. They used the same migratory flyway across Pakistan and Afghanistan, skirting the Hindukush mountains, during their spring migration north, but their stopover sites differed from each other. The cranes summered at three different locations, which were not too far from the headwaters of Ob River, in western Russia. They covered total migration distances ranging from 3,950 km to 4,786 km. The total number of stopovers ranged from three to eight. This migratory behavior suggests that there are several wetlands along the flyway that are important for these long distant migrants, and conservation of many of these wetlands warrants serious consideration, especially if any of them are under imminent danger of being altered by humans. The wetlands in the breeding areas support thousands of cranes, and it is also in this same region that the last of the breeding grounds of the critically endangered western flock of Siberian Cranes are to be found. This region will be important for the conservation of cranes.
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Knowledge of natal dispersal is essential for understanding how nonmigratory crane populations expand and how this process can be augmented by relocation or reintroduction. We conducted a study from 1988 to 1999 and found that nat...
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Knowledge of natal dispersal is essential for understanding how nonmigratory crane populations expand and how this process can be augmented by relocation or reintroduction. We conducted a study from 1988 to 1999 and found that natal dispersal in Florida sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis pratensis) was female-biased. Females (n = 16) dispersed an average of 11.6 kin from their natal territory. Male (n = 12) dispersal averaged 3.9 kin. This difference was significant (P < 0.05), but orientation was not significant (P > 0.05) or affected by gender (P > 0.05). Male philopatry and female-biased natal dispersal are consistent with theories of a resource-based mating system. Timing of the start of dispersal (family break-Lip) was found to be more closely tied to the female's laying the subsequent clutch than to the age of the juvenile crane.
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Sepsis is a common and deadly condition that must be treated eloquently within 19 hours. Numerous deep learning techniques, including Recurrent Neural Networks, Convolution Neural Networks, Long Short-Term Memory, and Gated Recurr...
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Sepsis is a common and deadly condition that must be treated eloquently within 19 hours. Numerous deep learning techniques, including Recurrent Neural Networks, Convolution Neural Networks, Long Short-Term Memory, and Gated Recurrent Units, have been suggested for diagnosing long-term sepsis. Regardless, a sizable portion of them are computationally risky and have precision problems. The primary issue described is that output will degrade, and resource utilization will expand proportionately as the volume of dependencies grows. To overcome these issues, we propose a G-Sep technique utilizing Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit Algorithm, which consumes much less resource to detect the disease and in a short time with better accuracy than the existing methods to diagnose the sepsis.AI models could assist with distinguishing potential clinical factors and give better than existing conventional low-execution models. The proposed model is implemented utilizing Conda and Tensorflow Framework using the California Inpatient Severe Sepsis (CISS) Patient Dataset. The comparative simulation of the various existing models and the proposed G-Sep model is done using Conda and Tensor frameworks. The simulation results revealed that the proposed model had outperformed other frameworks in terms of mean average precision (mAP), receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), and Area under the ROC Curve (AUROC) metrics linearly.
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A significant correlation between the beginning of a stopover formation in cranes and a drop in the minimum temperatures below 10 degrees C (r(s) = 0.52, p < 0.02) is described. Usually the departure of cranes from the northern Moscow region studied (56 degrees 45' N, 37 degrees 45 ' E) occurs from 15.09 to 15.10, on the average, during 28.09 +/- 5 days. According to the data for 1994-2012 (19 years), a significant trend of a later departure of the birds (r(s) = 0.66, p < 0.002) is observed. Drops in daily temperature below 0 degrees C(r(s) = 0.64, p < 0.003), the total precipitation ((r(s) = 0.49, p < 0.03), and the number of days with precipitation (r(s) = 0.51, p = 0.026) are the main factors responsible for the date of crane departure from a stopover. In a rainy autumn, their departure is delayed....
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A significant correlation between the beginning of a stopover formation in cranes and a drop in the minimum temperatures below 10 degrees C (r(s) = 0.52, p < 0.02) is described. Usually the departure of cranes from the northern Moscow region studied (56 degrees 45' N, 37 degrees 45 ' E) occurs from 15.09 to 15.10, on the average, during 28.09 +/- 5 days. According to the data for 1994-2012 (19 years), a significant trend of a later departure of the birds (r(s) = 0.66, p < 0.002) is observed. Drops in daily temperature below 0 degrees C(r(s) = 0.64, p < 0.003), the total precipitation ((r(s) = 0.49, p < 0.03), and the number of days with precipitation (r(s) = 0.51, p = 0.026) are the main factors responsible for the date of crane departure from a stopover. In a rainy autumn, their departure is delayed.
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Human infrastructure and disturbance play an important role when animals select resources in human-modified landscapes. Theory predicts that animals trade food intake against costs of movement or disturbance to optimize net energy...
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Human infrastructure and disturbance play an important role when animals select resources in human-modified landscapes. Theory predicts that animals trade food intake against costs of movement or disturbance to optimize net energy gain and fitness, but other necessary resources may also constrain the decisions, e.g. when animals repeatedly need to return to a central location, such as a nest, waterhole or night roost. Central place foraging theory states that the probability of occurrence of an animal decreases with the distance to the central location while selectivity for food items or foraging sites providing high net energy gain should increase with distance. We studied foraging patterns of common cranesGrus grusfeeding in an agricultural landscape adjacent to a wetland to which they return for night roost. We used availability of spilled grains on harvested fields and distance to human settlement as proxy for site quality (i.e. increased likelihood of increased net energy gain with increased food availability and less disturbance). As predicted by theory, our results clearly show that cranes were more likely (more than twice as high resource selection function scores) to select foraging sites close to roosts. However, contrary to predictions, the selection of high quality sites in terms of high food availability decreased with distance to roost sites. Nevertheless, our results indicate that cranes were more likely to select sites with low risk of human disturbance far from roost sites, and were more tolerant to disturbance close to roost sites. How different species respond to the local and environmental conditions will increase the understanding of the species' resource requirement, and also where in the landscape to prioritize conservation or management actions (e.g. mitigation of human disturbance and crop damage prevention to sustain agricultural production).
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