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В обзоре предложено районирование африканской природно-очаговой провинции, в составе которой выделены: I. Верхнегвинейский п...
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В обзоре предложено районирование африканской природно-очаговой провинции, в составе которой выделены: I. Верхнегвинейский природно-очаговый район, включающий следующие природные очаги: 1.1. Казамйнс; 1.2. Северо-Гвинейский; 1.3. Вдлыпа; 1.4. Адамйва; 1.5. Сан-Томё. П. Центральноафриканский: 11.1. Южно-Гвинейский; 11.2. Кат&нга; [1.3. Кбнго; 11.4. Азанде; 11.5. Рувенздри. III. Юго-Восточноафриканский: III.1. Мафунгабу'си; 111.2. Дракбновы горы; Ш.З. Коморы; IH.4. Мадагаскар; Ш.5. Сейшёлы; Ш.6. Маскарёны. Для каждого природного очага описаны характерные ландшафты, видовой состав крыланов (Chiroptera, Megachiroptera), представляющих собой природный резервуар для вирусов семейства Filoviridae, а также типы эпидемических вспышек и интенсивность циркуляции филовирусов. Обсуждаются возможные объяснения узости ареала филовирусов по сравнению с ареалом крыланов в Африке.
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Семейство Filoviridae содержит ряд возбудителей геморрагических лихорадок человека, распространенных на территории Африки: эбола...
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Семейство Filoviridae содержит ряд возбудителей геморрагических лихорадок человека, распространенных на территории Африки: эболавирус Заир (Zaire ebolavirus, ZEBOV), эболавирус Судан (Sudan ebolavirus, SUDV), эболавирус Бундибугё (Bundibugyo ebolavirus, BDBV), (Ta'i Forest ebolavirus, TAFV), марбургвирус Марбург (Marburg marburgvirus, MMARV), В обзоре представлены историография и рецептная таксономическая структура семейства Filoviridae; выполнен этимологический анализ устаревших и современных названий представителей этого семейства; обсуждаются данные лабораторных и полевых эколого-вирусологических исследований, свидетельствующих о том, что резервуаром филовирусов является подотряд Крыланов (Chiroptera, Megachiroptera), которые переносят филовирусную инфекцию инаппарантно, но выделяют вирусы с мочой, слюной, фекалиями и спермой, а также содержат вирусы в крови и внутренних органах. Потенциальными хозяевами филовирусов является широкий спектр видов млекопитающих, включая высших приматов (Anthropoidea) и человека (Homo sapiens sapiens). В работе приводится краткое сравнение анатомических и морфологических особенностей крыланов и летучих мышей (Chiroptera, Microchiroptera), входящих в другой подотряд отряда Рукокрылых. Дано описание основных характеристик четырех типов эпидемических вспышек филовирусных лихорадок - спелеологического (от др.-греч. σπηλαιov - пещера), лесного, деревенского и городского, а также возможные направления трансформации в процессе их развития и масштабирования.
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Ebola and Marburg virus, forming the Filoviridae family, cause hemorrhagic fever in countries of sub-Saharan Africa. These viral diseases are characterized by a sudden epidemic occurrence as well as a high lethality. Even though a...
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Ebola and Marburg virus, forming the Filoviridae family, cause hemorrhagic fever in countries of sub-Saharan Africa. These viral diseases are characterized by a sudden epidemic occurrence as well as a high lethality. Even though a reservoir host has not been approved yet, literature indicates the order of bats (Chiroptera) as a potential reservoir host. Significant references lead to a delineation of a hypothetical ecosystem of Filoviridae including Chiroptera. IgG-specific Ebola-Zaire antibodies were detected in Hammer-headed Bats (Hypsignathus monstrosus), Epauletted Fruit Bats (Epomops franqueti), and Little Collared Fruit Bats (Myonycteris torquata) during Ebola outbreaks between 2001 and 2005 in Gabon and the Republic of the Congo. The discovery of IgG-specific-Marburg virus antibodies and virus-specific ribonucleic acid in Egyptian Fruit Bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) provided further indication for the exploration of the reservoir host. In 2007, the Marburg virus isolation could for the first time be accomplished directly from apparently healthy and naturally infected Egyptian Fruit Bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) in Kitaka Mine (Uganda). Risk groups can be defined through chronological reprocessing and interpretation of existing epidemic-outbreaks on the African continent and the search for infection reasons of the index cases. The following risk factors for an infection with Ebola or Marburg virus must be put into consideration: Contact with and consumption of wild animal carcasses, sightseeing in caves as well as work in mines. The focus of this review is the demonstration of risk profiles and their exposure to Chiroptera and other potential reservoir hosts.
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Ebola virus (EBOV) was discovered for the first time in 1976. It belongsto the family Filoviridae, which causes hemorrhagic fever that could lead to death ina few days. West Africa faced a major outbreak where symptoms appeared in...
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Ebola virus (EBOV) was discovered for the first time in 1976. It belongsto the family Filoviridae, which causes hemorrhagic fever that could lead to death ina few days. West Africa faced a major outbreak where symptoms appeared in theform of chills, myalgia, fever, diarrhea, and vomiting, and the disease finally reacheda severe state as a result of hemorrhagic complications and failure of multiple organs.EBOV spreads by contact with body fluids of an infected person such as blood, saliva,urine, and seminal fluid, and also spreads by a contact with contaminated surfaces.Viral infection depends on the virus and host defenses. When the virus invadesthe body, the immune system becomes activated in an attempt to neutralize it. However,if this fails, EBOV viral infection spreads and leads to impaired innate andadaptive immune responses and uncontrollable viral replication. Consequently, thesymptomatic patient is isolated and various medicinal regimens such as BCX-4430nTKM- EBOV are used, to cure EBOV, though, a specific treatment is not available.Accordingly, the aim of the present review is to survey and summarize the recent literaturepertaining to the outbreak of EBOV, systematic infection of the human body,along with transmission and treatment. In addition, the review also aims to identifyareas that need more research and development in combatting this dangerous virus.In the meantime, it should be noted that there is no fully FDA approved drug to treatinfections by this virus. Therefore, there is a pressing need to focus on drug discoveryalong with public awareness to effectively manage any outbreaks in the future.
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Many assume that common methods to extract viral nucleic acids are able to render a sample non-infectious. It may be that inactivation of infectious virus is incomplete during viral nucleic acid extraction methods. Accordingly, tw...
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Many assume that common methods to extract viral nucleic acids are able to render a sample non-infectious. It may be that inactivation of infectious virus is incomplete during viral nucleic acid extraction methods. Accordingly, two common viral nucleic acid extraction techniques were evaluated for the ability to inactivate high viral titer specimens. In particular, the potential for TRIzol(R) LS Reagent (Invitrogen Corp., Carlsbad, CA) and AVL Buffer (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) were examined to render suspensions of alphaviruses, flaviviruses, filoviruses and a bunyavirus non-infectious to tissue culture assay. The dilution series for both extraction reagents consistently caused cell death through a 100-fold dilution. Except for the DEN subtype 4 positive control, all viruses had titers of at least 10(6) pfu/ml. No plaques were detected in any extraction reagent plus virus combination in this study, therefore, the extraction reagents appeared to inactivate completely each of the high-titer viruses used in this study. These results support the reliance upon either TRIzol(R) LS Reagent or AVL Buffer to render clinical or environmental samples non-infectious, which has implications for the handling and processing of samples under austere field conditions and low level containment.
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The Filoviruses Marburg virus and Ebola virus are among the deadliest of human pathogens, causing fulminant hemorrhagic fevers typified by overmatched specific immune responses and profuse inflammatory responses. Keys to both vacc...
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The Filoviruses Marburg virus and Ebola virus are among the deadliest of human pathogens, causing fulminant hemorrhagic fevers typified by overmatched specific immune responses and profuse inflammatory responses. Keys to both vaccination and treatment may reside, first, in the understanding of immune dysfunctions that parallel Filoviral disease and, second, in devising ways to redirect and restore normal immune function as well as to mitigate inflammation. Here, we describe how Filoviral infections may subvert innate immune responses through perturbances of dendritic cells and neutrophils, with particular emphasis on the downstream effects on adaptive immunity and inflammation. We suggest that pivotal events may be subject to therapeutic intervention as Filoviruses encounter immune processes.
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Eight viruses are currently assigned to the family Filoviridae. Marburg virus, Sudan virus and, in particular, Ebola virus have received the most attention both by researchers and the public from 1967 to 2013. During this period, ...
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Eight viruses are currently assigned to the family Filoviridae. Marburg virus, Sudan virus and, in particular, Ebola virus have received the most attention both by researchers and the public from 1967 to 2013. During this period, natural human filovirus disease outbreaks occurred sporadically in Equatorial Africa and, despite high case-fatality rates, never included more than several dozen to a few hundred infections per outbreak. Research emphasis shifted almost exclusively to Ebola virus in 2014, when this virus was identified as the cause of an outbreak that has thus far involved more than 28 646 people and caused more than 11 323 deaths in Western Africa. Consequently, major efforts are currently underway to develop licensed medical countermeasures against Ebola virus infection. However, the ecology of and mechanisms behind Ebola virus emergence are as little understood as they are for all other filoviruses. Consequently, the possibility of the future occurrence of a large disease outbreak caused by other less characterized filoviruses (i.e. Bundibugyo virus, Lloviu virus, Ravn virus, Reston virus and Tai Forest virus) is impossible to rule out. Yet, for many of these viruses, not even rudimentary research tools are available, let alone medical countermeasures. This review summarizes the current knowledge on these less well-characterized filoviruses.While Ebola virus dominates the headlines, other filoviruses remain largely uncharacterized but may pose equal risks to humans.While Ebola virus dominates the headlines, other filoviruses remain largely uncharacterized but may pose equal risks to humans.
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Significant progress has been made in vaccine development against infection by Ebola and Marburg viruses, members of the Filoviridae, which cause severe hemorrhagic fevers in humans with no effective treatment and a mortality rate...
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Significant progress has been made in vaccine development against infection by Ebola and Marburg viruses, members of the Filoviridae, which cause severe hemorrhagic fevers in humans with no effective treatment and a mortality rate of up to 90%. Several vaccine strategies have been shown to effectively protect immunized animals against filovirus infection. Among these candidate vaccine strategies, virus-like particles represent a promising approach and have been shown to protect small laboratory animals as well as nonhuman primates against lethal challenge by Ebola and/or Marburg viruses. This review briefly summarizes filovirus epidemiology and pathogenesis, and focuses on the discussion of recent advances in filovirus vaccine development and the current understanding of protective immune responses against filovirus infection with an emphasis on the progress and challenge of filovirus virus-like particle vaccine development.
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The Filoviridae Filoviridae family of negative-sense, single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses is comprised of two species ofMarburgvirus Marburgvirus (MARV and RAVV) and five species ofEbolavirus Ebolavirus,i.e. i.e. Zaire (EBOV), Res...
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The Filoviridae Filoviridae family of negative-sense, single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses is comprised of two species ofMarburgvirus Marburgvirus (MARV and RAVV) and five species ofEbolavirus Ebolavirus,i.e. i.e. Zaire (EBOV), Reston (RESTV), Sudan (SUDV), Tai Forest (TAFV) and Bundibugyo (BDBV). In each of these viruses the ssRNA encodes seven distinct proteins. One of them, the nucleoprotein (NP), is the most abundant viral protein in the infected cell and within the viral nucleocapsid. It is tightly associated with the viral RNA in the nucleocapsid, and during the lifecycle of the virus is essential for transcription, RNA replication, genome packaging and nucleocapsid assembly prior to membrane encapsulation. The structure of the unique C-terminal globular domain of the NP from EBOV has recently been determined and shown to be structurally unrelated to any other known protein [Dziubaskaet al. et al. (2014),Acta Cryst Acta Cryst. D70 70, 2420-2429]. In this paper, a study of the C-terminal domains from the NP from the remaining four species ofEbolavirus Ebolavirus, as well as from the MARV strain ofMarburgvirus Marburgvirus, is reported. As expected, the crystal structures of the BDBV and TAFV proteins show high structural similarity to that from EBOV, while the MARV protein behaves like a molten globule with a core residual structure that is significantly different from that of the EBOV protein.
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摘要 :
The Filoviridae Filoviridae family of negative-sense, single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses is comprised of two species ofMarburgvirus Marburgvirus (MARV and RAVV) and five species ofEbolavirus Ebolavirus,i.e. i.e. Zaire (EBOV), Res...
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The Filoviridae Filoviridae family of negative-sense, single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) viruses is comprised of two species ofMarburgvirus Marburgvirus (MARV and RAVV) and five species ofEbolavirus Ebolavirus,i.e. i.e. Zaire (EBOV), Reston (RESTV), Sudan (SUDV), Tai Forest (TAFV) and Bundibugyo (BDBV). In each of these viruses the ssRNA encodes seven distinct proteins. One of them, the nucleoprotein (NP), is the most abundant viral protein in the infected cell and within the viral nucleocapsid. It is tightly associated with the viral RNA in the nucleocapsid, and during the lifecycle of the virus is essential for transcription, RNA replication, genome packaging and nucleocapsid assembly prior to membrane encapsulation. The structure of the unique C-terminal globular domain of the NP from EBOV has recently been determined and shown to be structurally unrelated to any other known protein [Dziubaskaet al. et al. (2014),Acta Cryst Acta Cryst. D70 70, 2420-2429]. In this paper, a study of the C-terminal domains from the NP from the remaining four species ofEbolavirus Ebolavirus, as well as from the MARV strain ofMarburgvirus Marburgvirus, is reported. As expected, the crystal structures of the BDBV and TAFV proteins show high structural similarity to that from EBOV, while the MARV protein behaves like a molten globule with a core residual structure that is significantly different from that of the EBOV protein.
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