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Various human Coronaviruses such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), Severe Acute Respiratory SyndromeCoronavirus (SARS-CoV), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) have a different na...
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Various human Coronaviruses such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), Severe Acute Respiratory SyndromeCoronavirus (SARS-CoV), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) have a different natural host like a bat,mouse and intermediate hosts like a cow, camel, Maylitan Pangolin while human host such as HCoV-NL63, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-229E,HCoV-HKU1 cause mild infection in the human body whereas SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV cause mild or severe humandisease like respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive disease depending upon the host condition and strain type of viruses. There arevarious viral receptors such as Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2), ANPEP (also known as CD13), 9-O-acetylated sialic acids(9-0-Ac-Sia); DPP4 (also known as CD26), dipeptidyl peptidase 4 which helps in the invasion. Upon the invasion of SARS-CoV-2, thereare structural changes in the host cells found in the human airway epithelial cells (at 96 hours). Various coronaviruses are zoonoticviruses which affect the digestive and respiratory system of mammals including human being.
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In December 2019, WHO was informed with several unknown pneumonia cases and later it was found as highly contagious, transmittable and pathogenic viral infection. The novel coronavirus (nCoV-19) was firstly reported from Wuhan cit...
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In December 2019, WHO was informed with several unknown pneumonia cases and later it was found as highly contagious, transmittable and pathogenic viral infection. The novel coronavirus (nCoV-19) was firstly reported from Wuhan city in China. COVID-19 has raised the concern of the world since its emergence from China. The WHO has declared an ongoing COVID-19 outbreak as a pandemic. Till now 6,057,853 confirmed cases with 371,166 deaths have been reported from approximately 213 countries of the world. The aim of this study is to discuss all the aspects related to recently discovered novel coronavirus. The article, therefore, provides a comprehensive study on the genomic, epidemiological, social, clinical and environmental aspects of SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 uses human ACE2 receptor as a ligand to bind and transmit its genome just like the SARS-CoV. The clinical symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 are very non-specific and include fever, sore throat, wheezing, rales, headache and rhinorrhoea with round-glass pulmonary opacifications shadowing in X-ray. Many antiviral drugs show efficacy but only in mild to moderate infection levels. Though efforts on development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine have been started earlier as soon as the pandemic was emerged, till date no effective drug or vaccine has been validated with significant efficacy against the disease; therefore, there is a dire need to design effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. Multiple vaccine candidates are still in evaluation and exploratory stages on different clinical models with potential results on different animals and human models. mRNA-1273, ChAdOx1, Ad5-nCoV, INO-4800, LV-SMENP-DC and pathogen-specific aAPC are the most advanced and potential drug candidates against COVID-19. Recent studies have revealed any attractive vaccine candidates as promising therapeutic agents based on different strategies of vaccines. Here, the rationale of this review was also to provide an overview of the pathogenesis of the virus and summarize the updated potential vaccine candidates against SARS-CoV-2.
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Abstract The aim of the study was to trace and understand the origin of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) through various available literatures and accessible databases. Although?the world enters the t...
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Abstract The aim of the study was to trace and understand the origin of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) through various available literatures and accessible databases. Although?the world enters the third year of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, health and socioeconomic impacts continue to mount, the origin and mechanisms of spill‐over of the SARS‐CoV‐2?into humans?remain elusive. Therefore, a systematic review of the literature was performed that showcased the integrated information obtained through manual searches, digital databases (PubMed, CINAHL, and MEDLINE) searches, and searches from legitimate publications (1966–2022), followed by meta‐analysis. Our systematic analysis data proposed three postulated hypotheses concerning the origin of the SARS‐CoV‐2, which include zoonotic origin (Z), laboratory origin (L),?and obscure origin (O). Despite the fact that the zoonotic origin for SARS‐CoV‐2 has not been conclusively identified to date, our data suggest a zoonotic origin, in contrast to some alternative concepts, including the probability of a laboratory incident or leak. Our data exhibit?that zoonotic origin (Z) has higher evidence‐based support as compared to laboratory origin (L). Importantly, based on all the studies included, we generated the forest plot with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the risk ratio estimates. Our meta‐analysis further supports the zoonotic origin of SARS/SARS‐CoV‐2 in the included studies.
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The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has caused a pandemic with tens of millions of cases and more than a million deaths. The infection causes COVID-19, a disease of the respiratory system of ...
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The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has caused a pandemic with tens of millions of cases and more than a million deaths. The infection causes COVID-19, a disease of the respiratory system of divergent severity. No treatment exists. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the major component of green tea, has several beneficial properties, including antiviral activities. Therefore, we examined whether EGCG has antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2. EGCG blocked not only the entry of SARS-CoV-2, but also MERS- and SARS-CoV pseudotyped lentiviral vectors and inhibited virus infections in vitro . Mechanistically, inhibition of the SARS-CoV-2 spike–receptor interaction was observed. Thus, EGCG might be suitable for use as a lead structure to develop more effective anti-COVID-19 drugs.
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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2), a single-stranded RNA virus, was found to be the causal agent of the disease called coronavirus disease. During December 2019, China informed the World Health Organizat...
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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2), a single-stranded RNA virus, was found to be the causal agent of the disease called coronavirus disease. During December 2019, China informed the World Health Organization (WHO) of an outbreak of cases of pneumonia of unknown etiology, which caused severeacute respiratory distress. The disease was termed coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). Due to alarming levels of spread and severity, on the 11th of March 2020, the WHO declared the outbreak as a global pandemic. As of September 14, 2020, more than 29 million cases have been reported, with over 900,000 deaths globally. Since the outbreak, although not conclusive, discoveries have been made regarding the understanding of the epidemiology, etiology, clinical features, clinical treatment, and prevention of the disease. SARS-COV-2 has been detected in saliva, respiratory fluids, blood, urine, and faeces. Findings are however controversial regarding its presence in the semen or the testis. Hence, this review aimed to further analyse the literature concerning (i) the effects of previously identified human coronaviruses on male fertility (ii) the impact of Covid-19 on male fertility and (iii) the implication for general health in terms of infection and transmission.
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The outbreak of current 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV, now named as SARS-CoV-2) infection has become a world-wide health threat. Currently, more information is needed for further understanding the transmission, clinical charac...
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The outbreak of current 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV, now named as SARS-CoV-2) infection has become a world-wide health threat. Currently, more information is needed for further understanding the transmission, clinical characteristics, and infection control procedures of 2019-nCoV. Recently, the role of the eye in transmitting 2019-nCoV has been intensively discussed. Previous investigations about other highly infectious human CoVs, that is, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), may provide useful information. In this review, we describe the genomics and morphology of human CoVs, the epidemiology, systemic and ophthalmic manifestations, mechanisms of human CoVs infection, and infection control procedures. The role of the eye in the transmission of 2019-nCoV is discussed in detail. Although the conjunctiva is directly exposed to extraocular pathogens, and the mucosa of ocular surface and upper respiratory tract is connected by nasolacrimal duct and share same entry receptors for some respiratory viruses. The eye is rarely involved in human CoVs infection, conjunctivitis is quite rare in patients with 2019-nCoV infection, and CoV RNA positive rate by RT-PCR test in tears and conjunctival secretions from patients with 2019-nCoV and SARS-CoV infection is also extremely low, which implicates that the eye is neither a preferred organ of human CoVs infection, nor is a preferred gateway of entry for human CoVs to infect respiratory tract. However, pathogens exposed to the ocular surface might be transported to nasal and nasopharyngeal mucosa by constant tear rinsing through lacrimal duct system, and then cause respiratory tract infection. Considering close doctor-patient contact is quite common in ophthalmic practice which are apt to transmit human CoVs by droplets and fomites, strict hand hygiene and proper personal protection are highly recommended for health care workers to avoid hospital-related viral transmission during ophthalmic practice.
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In terms of public health, the 21st century has been characterized by coronavirus pandemics: in 2002-03 the virus SARS-CoV caused SARS; in 2012 MERS-CoV emerged and in 2019 a new human betacoronavirus strain, called SARS-CoV-2, ca...
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In terms of public health, the 21st century has been characterized by coronavirus pandemics: in 2002-03 the virus SARS-CoV caused SARS; in 2012 MERS-CoV emerged and in 2019 a new human betacoronavirus strain, called SARS-CoV-2, caused the unprecedented COVID-19 outbreak. During the course of the current epidemic, medical challenges to save lives and scientific research aimed to reveal the genetic evolution and the biochemistry of the vital cycle of the new pathogen could lead to new preventive and therapeutic strategies against SARS-CoV-2. Up to now, there is no cure for COVID-19 and waiting for an efficacious vaccine, the development of "savage" protocols, based on "old" anti-inflammatory and anti-viral drugs represents a valid and alternative therapeutic approach. As an alternative or additional therapeutic/preventive option, different in silico and in vitro studies demonstrated that small natural molecules, belonging to polyphenol family, can interfere with various stages of coronavirus entry and replication cycle. Here, we reviewed the capacity of wellknown (e.g. quercetin, baicalin, luteolin, hesperetin, gallocatechin gallate, epigallocatechin gallate) and uncommon (e.g. scutellarein, amentoflavone, papyriflavonol A) flavonoids, secondary metabolites widely present in plant tissues with antioxidant and anti-microbial functions, to inhibit key proteins involved in coronavirus infective cycle, such as PLpro, 3CL(pro), NTPase/helicase. Due to their pleiotropic activities and lack of systemic toxicity, flavonoids and their derivative may represent target compounds to be tested in future clinical trials to enrich the drug arsenal against coronavirus infections.
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Coronavirus illness is a new pathological ailment that is sweeping the world. Sars (severe acute respiratory syndrome) the virus that causes it is coronavirus 2. (sars-cov-2). The sars-spike cov-2 protein (s) has two subtypes: s1 ...
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Coronavirus illness is a new pathological ailment that is sweeping the world. Sars (severe acute respiratory syndrome) the virus that causes it is coronavirus 2. (sars-cov-2). The sars-spike cov-2 protein (s) has two subtypes: s1 and s2.it is vital to the recognition of receptors and the fusion of biological membranes that the (s) component of the sars-spike cov-2 influenza is present. Covalent coupling of the transcription factor domain of the s1 component to the host ligand binding of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 allows it to function , whereas the s2 subunit's two-helix recurring domain enhances the attachment of the virus to cells. In this appraisal, we high spot topical expansions in the edifice, function, and advance of antiviral medications that target the s protein. There has been an explosion of viruses that have been creating a new beginning in recent years such as coronaviruses (covs). Human and animal hosts have been infected with these pathogens, causing disorders that range from upper respiratory tract infections in humans to encephalitis and demyelination in animals, which are all potentially life-threatening. From across the world, they've killed many people and animals, and caused havoc in the healthcare system. The current threat from coronaviruses (covs) is among the most horrifying illnesses . They've infected a wide range of human and animal hosts, instigating diseases that assortment from upper respiratory infections in humans to encephalitis and demyelination in animals, all of which are potentially lethal. They've killed a lot of people and animals, and they've caused a lot of health problems all around the world. Result:- It's vital to create new tactics to avert or switch coronavirus infections, as well as a better understanding of their biology, replication, and pathogenesis. As a result, we used experimental and computational research to characterise the structure and functions of covs proteins in this review. Conclusion:- This knowledge might principal to a better sympathetic of cov proteins' roles in virus repetition and transcription, as well as the development of novel antivirals.
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Introduction: Coronaviruses encode a helicase that is essential for viral replication and represents an excellent antiviral target. However, only a few coronavirus helicase inhibitors have been patented. These patents include drug...
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Introduction: Coronaviruses encode a helicase that is essential for viral replication and represents an excellent antiviral target. However, only a few coronavirus helicase inhibitors have been patented. These patents include drug-like compound SSYA10-001, aryl diketo acids (ADK), and dihydroxychromones. Additionally, adamantane-derived bananins, natural flavonoids, one acrylamide derivative [(E)-3-(furan-2-yl)-N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)acrylamide], a purine derivative (7-ethyl-8-mercapto-3-methyl-3,7-dihydro-1 H-purine-2,6-dione), and a few bismuth complexes. The IC50 of patented inhibitors ranges between 0.82 mu M and 8.95 mu M, depending upon the assays used. Considering the urgency of clinical interventions against Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19), it is important to consider developing antiviral portfolios consisting of small molecules.Areas covered: This review examines coronavirus helicases as antiviral targets, and the potential of previously patented and experimental compounds to inhibit the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) helicase.Expert opinion: Small molecule coronavirus helicase inhibitors represent attractive pharmacological modalities for the treatment of coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. Rightfully so, the current emphasis is focused upon the development of vaccines. However, vaccines may not work for everyone and broad-based adoption of vaccinations is an increasingly challenging societal endeavor. Therefore, it is important to develop additional pharmacological antivirals against the highly conserved coronavirus helicases to broadly protect against this and subsequent coronavirus epidemics.
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ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to assess the long-term dynamics and factors associated with the serological response against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 after primary infection. A prospective longitudin...
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ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to assess the long-term dynamics and factors associated with the serological response against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 after primary infection. A prospective longitudinal study was conducted with monthly serological follow-up during the first 4?months, and then at 6, 8, and 10?months after the disease onset of all recovered adult in- and outpatients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) attending Udine Hospital (Italy) during the first wave (from March to May 2020). A total of 546 individuals were included (289 female, mean age 53.1?years), mostly with mild COVID-19 (370, 68.3%). Patients were followed for a median of 302?days (interquartile range, 186 to 311). The overall seroconversion rate within 2 months was 32% for IgM and 90% for IgG. Seroreversion was observed in 90% of patients for IgM at 4?months and in 47% for IgG at 10?months. Older age, number of symptoms at acute onset, and severity of acute COVID-19 were all independent predictors of long-term immunity both for IgM (β, linear regression coefficient, 1.10, P ?=?0.001; β 5.15 P ?=?0.014; β 43.84 P ?=?0.021, respectively) and for IgG (β 1.43 P ?<?0.001; β 10.46 P ?<?0.001; β 46.79 P ?<?0.001, respectively), whereas the initial IgG peak was associated only with IgG duration (β 1.12, P < 0.001). IgM antibodies disappeared at 4 months, and IgG antibodies declined in about half of patients 10?months after acute COVID-19. These effects varied depending on the intensity of the initial antibody response, age, and burden of acute COVID-19.
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