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Mucosal vaccination offers attractive advantages to conventional systemic vaccination, such as higher levels of antibodies and protection at the airway surface. This review gives an overview of recent experimental and clinical dat...
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Mucosal vaccination offers attractive advantages to conventional systemic vaccination, such as higher levels of antibodies and protection at the airway surface. This review gives an overview of recent experimental and clinical data on nasal, oral and sublingual vaccines against bacterial respiratory pathogens, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae , Haemophilus influenzae , Neisseria meningitidis , Moraxella catarrhalis , Bordetella pertussis , Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Mycobacterium tuberculosis . Subsequently, we discuss further vaccine development that opens the focus to clinical use.
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A review of 14 leading energy efficiency program administrators demonstrates that high levels of energy savings are not only achievable but also sustainable. Despite substantial challenges that may limit savings opportunities in t...
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A review of 14 leading energy efficiency program administrators demonstrates that high levels of energy savings are not only achievable but also sustainable. Despite substantial challenges that may limit savings opportunities in traditional areas, energy savings have increased from year to year. Average net energy savings levels have doubled for the administrators in this sample, from 0.9% in 2008 to 1.8% in 2014. Utility-sector energy efficiency programs have grown substantially in the past decade. According to the most recent ACEEE State Energy Efficiency Scorecard, electric-efficiency program investments have increased from approximately $1.5 billion in 2006 to over $5.9 billion in 2014. As savings levels have increased, national leaders in program administration have emerged. In this paper we review annual program performance for 14 leading energy efficiency program administrators. We sought diversity in the selection of program administrators and included administrators of varying service-territory size and geographic location. Among the 14 program administrators we reviewed, none achieved electricity savings of 1.5% of retail electric sales in 2009. By 2014, 8 of the 14 were achieving savings higher than 1.5%, with 4 of the 8 saving more than 2%. The data also show that high savings are sustainable over time. We find that as savings rise, levelized costs of energy efficiency remain relatively flat. This paper also seeks to identify the drivers of high savings. State or local policy requirements to meet specific energy-efficient savings goals guide all program administrators in this study. The design of the targets and goals vary, but these policies are critical in driving high levels of savings.
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The present paper intends to provide an overview and a critical assessment of the administrative simplification policies implemented in Portugal over the past 20+ years. Throughout these decades, the major instruments for administ...
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The present paper intends to provide an overview and a critical assessment of the administrative simplification policies implemented in Portugal over the past 20+ years. Throughout these decades, the major instruments for administrative simplification have been: (i) Decree-Law n. 135/99, of 22 April; (ii) the Simplex programme; (iii) the 2015 new Code of Administrative Procedure and its 2021 amendment; and (iv) the COVID-19 legislation. Although Decree-Law n. 135/99 (i) was the first attempt to specifically address simplification, it was a very thin one. The Simplex programme (ii), created in 2006, was the first cross-sectoral robust policy of simplification; its motto is “the simpler the better” and it encompassed reforms in all government areas aiming at cutting red tape, promoting administrative efficiency, and making the citizens’ and the corporations’ lives easier when dealing with State. The new Code of Administrative Procedure (iii), approved in 2015, brought about specific normative solutions to simplify procedures, namely, prior communications, administrative assistance, procedural conferences, and the electronic one-stop shop. Finally, the COVID-19 legislation (iv) was made necessary by the COVID-19 pandemic and by the fact that public health restrictions made it impossible for citizens to establish personal contact with the administration in many cases.
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Oxidative stress may induce a series of pathophysiological modifications that are directly involved in the development of ophthalmic diseases like age-related cataract, macular degeneration or diabetic retinopathy, considered to b...
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Oxidative stress may induce a series of pathophysiological modifications that are directly involved in the development of ophthalmic diseases like age-related cataract, macular degeneration or diabetic retinopathy, considered to be responsible for the majority of vision loss cases. Although various treatment options for eye diseases are available, multiple factors could limit their efficacy. Recently, the accelerated development of ophthalmic nanosystems has provided new possibilities for overcoming the limitations of existing ocular drug delivery methods. This review evaluates the current status of ophthalmic nanosystems loaded with antioxidants for the prevention and treatment of several eye diseases.
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Purpose - This paper aims to outline an exploratory study of how a multi-agency, partnership approach to crime prevention might enable the police more effectively to target their utilisation of resources in order both to reduce lo...
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Purpose - This paper aims to outline an exploratory study of how a multi-agency, partnership approach to crime prevention might enable the police more effectively to target their utilisation of resources in order both to reduce local levels of criminality and to improve public confidence. It is set against a backdrop of major police reforms that will require police commanders to demonstrate high levels of accountability in terms of resource and financial utilisation, and to show continuing improvement in levels of public confidence. Design/methodology/approach - A case study approach is adopted; it draws upon both primary and secondary data sources and is framed within a situational approach to crime prevention. Findings - There has been a drop in the levels of burglary in those areas where the home improvement initiative (Decent Homes Programme) has been carried out. The tenants consulted as part of the research reported that they felt safer in their homes as a result. Also, their general level of satisfaction with the police and other agencies has improved. Research limitations/implications - There has been an overall drop in levels of reported crime in terms of burglaries across the UK. It may be asked whether such improvement in Nottingham has been due to a genuine improvement in police performance or is as a consequence of the home improvements. The present paper is a single case study, with no opportunity for a comparative analysis across other police force areas. This limitation could be overcome by other researchers involved in similar Decent Homes Programmes in other cities in the UK. Practical implications - The research illustrates that multi-agency working may indeed help create an improvement in living conditions for residents. It also identifies the fact that, as a result of successful integrated multi-agency approaches to crime prevention, the police are able to save resources in terms of time spent investigating crime. Originality/value - This paper adds tangible evidence to theoretical discourse on the benefits of multi-agency work in the context of social housing.
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This article discussed the problems facing the universities administration in Nigeria. Secondary data was used to support the points raised in the article. The secondary data were sourced from print materials and online publicatio...
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This article discussed the problems facing the universities administration in Nigeria. Secondary data was used to support the points raised in the article. The secondary data were sourced from print materials and online publications by recognized institutions and individual author. There are many problems hindering smooth administration of Nigerian public universities. Some of the problems include; inadequate funding, inadequate academic staff, inadequate infrastructural facilities, brain-drain, incessant strike actions by the universities unions, institutional corruption, insecurity problems, weak administrators and poor capacity development of academic staff , political interference in the universities administration, indiscriminate issuance of licenses for establishing new universities, universities autonomy dilemma, poor Internally Generated Revenue (IGR) among others. To solve these challenges, this article recommends: that the government should increase the funding universities, employ of more academic staff, provide adequate infrastructural facilities, implement all agreement with unions, ensure effective staff development programme and effective motivation policy.
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Public sector investment in transportation accounts for about 4% of all governmental spending but may represent the public investment most frequently accessed by citizens. This means that transportation administration faces public...
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Public sector investment in transportation accounts for about 4% of all governmental spending but may represent the public investment most frequently accessed by citizens. This means that transportation administration faces public administration (PA) type challenges, and a number of these are discussed in this special issue of Public Works Management & Policy. Transportation administration is a subfield of PA, but it has enjoyed its own distinct history and evolution, partially due to the dependence upon engineers to carry out this mission. This commentary argues that the field has evolved from a coterie of apolitical technicians to more closely mirror the practice and values of the general body of the American Society for Public Administration (ASPA). Recent changes in spending on transportation infrastructure and a shift to a more integrated operational focus have moved transportation to be more in alignment with PA.
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Research administration has experienced dramatic changes over the past decades. As scientific research has evolved, higher education institutions have tried to adapt, with varying degrees of success. This paper presents a conceptu...
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Research administration has experienced dramatic changes over the past decades. As scientific research has evolved, higher education institutions have tried to adapt, with varying degrees of success. This paper presents a conceptual framework based on six cornerstones of research administration: mission, information, communication, collaboration, transition or transformation, and outcomes. Within these cornerstones are key strategies that research administrators can apply according to their needs, resources, history, and goals. The purpose and importance of such a framework is to give research administrators a strategic role in leading their institutions into the highly competitive scientific research environment of the future.
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The administrator of the UEC campus network reports the present state of campus network users. We report three case studies and discuss the problem about the operation of the campus network and the education of administrators.
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This article aims to understand how the Brazilian government articulated the National executive’s Training Program (PNTE) in Brazil in the 1970s. The text discusses the importance of PNTE as a governmental effort to disseminate p...
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This article aims to understand how the Brazilian government articulated the National executive’s Training Program (PNTE) in Brazil in the 1970s. The text discusses the importance of PNTE as a governmental effort to disseminate postgraduate studies in administration in the country. Besides offering graduate education, the program had an important role in the dissemination of management in Brazil. The focus of the FGV EAESP case is justified by the fact that it was pointed out by the Brazilian Federal Government as the leading school for the program, having participated in its design and coordinated its implementation. The data was produced using documentary analysis and semi-structured interviews. The text reflects on the use of documents and memory for historical research in administration and, consequently, to record the influence of the PNTE school agreement between the years of 1972 and 1976. Finally, this discussion tackles the difficulties caused by the reformulations promoted by the PNTE in the structure and courses of FGV EAESP, in addition to relating them to the Brazilian historical context of the time.
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