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We report about ERF BUD ENHANCER (EBE; At5g61890), a transcription factor that affects cell proliferation as well as axillary bud outgrowth and shoot branching in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). EBE encodes a member of the APE...
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We report about ERF BUD ENHANCER (EBE; At5g61890), a transcription factor that affects cell proliferation as well as axillary bud outgrowth and shoot branching in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). EBE encodes a member of the APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR (AP2/ERF) transcription factor superfamily; the gene is strongly expressed in proliferating cells and is rapidly and transiently up-regulated in axillary meristems upon main stem decapitation. Overexpression of EBE promotes cell proliferation in growing calli, while the opposite is observed in EBE-RNAi lines. EBE overexpression also stimulates axillary bud formation and outgrowth, while repressing it results in inhibition of bud growth. Global transcriptome analysis of estradiol-inducible EBE overexpression lines revealed 48 EBE early-responsive genes, of which 14 were up-regulated and 34 were down-regulated. EBE activates several genes involved in cell cycle regulation and dormancy breaking, including D-type cyclin CYCD3;3, transcription regulator DPa, and BRCA1-ASSOCIATED RING DOMAIN1. Among the down-regulated genes were DORMANCY-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN1 (AtDRM1), AtDRM1 homolog, MEDIATOR OF ABA-REGULATED DORMANCY1, and ZINC FINGER HOMEODOMAIN5. Our data indicate that the effect of EBE on shoot branching likely results from an activation of genes involved in cell cycle regulation and dormancy breaking.
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APETALA2/ethylene response factor (AP2/ERF) and heat-shock protein 90 (HSP90) are two significant classes of transcription factor and molecular chaperone proteins which are known to be implicated under abiotic and biotic stresses....
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APETALA2/ethylene response factor (AP2/ERF) and heat-shock protein 90 (HSP90) are two significant classes of transcription factor and molecular chaperone proteins which are known to be implicated under abiotic and biotic stresses. Comprehensive survey identified a total of 147 AP2/ERF genes in chickpea, 176 in pigeonpea, 131 in Medicago, 179 in common bean and 140 in Lotus, whereas the number of HSP90 genes ranged from 5 to 7 in five legumes. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analyses distinguished AP2, ERF, DREB, RAV and soloist proteins, while HSP90 proteins segregated on the basis of their cellular localization. Deeper insights into the gene structure allowed ERF proteins to be classified into AP2s based on DNA-binding domains, intron arrangements and phylogenetic grouping. RNA-seq and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses in heat-stressed chickpea as well as Fusarium wilt (FW)- and sterility mosaic disease (SMD)-stressed pigeonpea provided insights into the modus operandi of AP2/ERF and HSP90 genes. This study identified potential candidate genes in response to heat stress in chickpea while for FW and SMD stresses in pigeonpea. For instance, two DREB genes (Ca_02170 and Ca_16631) and three HSP90 genes (Ca_23016, Ca_09743 and Ca_25602) in chickpea can be targeted as potential candidate genes. Similarly, in pigeonpea, a HSP90 gene, C.cajan_27949, was highly responsive to SMD in the resistant genotype ICPL 20096, can be recommended for further functional validation. Also, two DREB genes, C.cajan_41905 and C.cajan_41951, were identified as leads for further investigation in response to FW stress in pigeonpea.
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? 2023 Elsevier B.V.Litsea cubeba, an aromatic species of the Lauraceae family, produces a diverse array of monoterpenes. The biosynthesis of monoterpenes is regulated by transcriptional factors (TFs), such as APETALA2/ethylene re...
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? 2023 Elsevier B.V.Litsea cubeba, an aromatic species of the Lauraceae family, produces a diverse array of monoterpenes. The biosynthesis of monoterpenes is regulated by transcriptional factors (TFs), such as APETALA2/ethylene response factor (AP2/ERF). However, the regulatory mechanisms that control the AP2/ERF gene responsible for the biosynthesis of monoterpenes in L. cubeba have yet to be elucidated. Here, we identified an AP2/ERF gene, LcERF134, as an activator for the accumulation of citral and other monoterpenes. The expression level of LcERF134 was consistent with terpene synthase LcTPS42 in the pericarp. The transient overexpression of LcERF134 significantly increased monoterpene production in L. cubeba as well as the expression of rate-limiting genes involved in the monoterpene biosynthesis pathway. Furthermore, yeast one-hybrid, dual-luciferase and electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated that LcERF134 activated the monoterpene biosynthesis pathway by directly binding to the GCC-box elements of the LcTPS42 and LcGPPS.SSU1 promoters. However, the overexpression of LcERF134 in tomatoes had no impact on the synthesis of monoterpenes, thus indicating that LcERF134 is a species-specific TF. Our research demonstrated that LcERF134 significantly increased the biosynthesis of monoterpenes by inducing the expression of LcTPS42 and LcGPPS.SSU1, thus offering insight into how to enhance the flavor of L. cubeba essential oil.
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AP2/ERE-type transcription factors, as a type of plant-specific transcription factors, play a key role in plant biotic and abiotic stress. Meanwhile, they have been studied in many plants, but rarely in tomatoes. In this study, we...
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AP2/ERE-type transcription factors, as a type of plant-specific transcription factors, play a key role in plant biotic and abiotic stress. Meanwhile, they have been studied in many plants, but rarely in tomatoes. In this study, we performed a genome-wide analysis of the SlAP2/ERF gene family of tomato, and finally identified 29 SlAP2/ERF genes and divided them into different subfamilies. At the same time, its basic physical and chemical properties were analyzed. We also constructed phylogenetic trees with 30 Arabidopsis AP2/ERF proteins and 28 potatoes AP2/ERF proteins to ensure conservative homology between them. In addition, we mapped 29 SlAP2/ERF transcription factors on 10 different chromosomes; and identified 43 responsive plant hormones, responsive light signals, tissue-specific expression and stress response elements from 2000bp upstream of the promoter region, and we analyzed conserved motifs and gene structures of SlAP2/ERF. The tertiary structure of SlAP2/ERF protein was constructed by homology modeling, and the protein-protein interaction network was constructed based on Arabidopsis Thaliana. Finally, the expression pattern of tomato in different tissues was studied by using gene expression database, and the expression level of tomato under abiotic stress was detected by q-RT-PCR. These results provide comprehensive information for further study of the function of the SlAP2/ERF gene family.
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The AP2/ERF family is one of the largest transcription factor families in the plant kingdom. AP2/ERF genes contributing to various processes including plant growth, development, and response to various stresses have been identifie...
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The AP2/ERF family is one of the largest transcription factor families in the plant kingdom. AP2/ERF genes contributing to various processes including plant growth, development, and response to various stresses have been identified. In this study, 175 putative AP2/ERF genes were identified in the latest pepper genome database and classified into AP2, RAV, ERF, and Soloist subfamilies. Their chromosomal localization, gene structure, conserved motif, cis-acting elements within the promoter region, and subcellular locations were analyzed. Transient expression of CaAP2/ERF proteins in tobacco revealed that CaAP2/ERF064, CaAP2/ERF109, and CaAP2/ERF127 were located in the nucleus, while CaAP2/ERF171 was located in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Most of the CaAP2/ERF genes contained cis-elements within their promoter regions that responded to various stresses (HSE, LTR, MBS, Box-W1/W-box, and TC-rich repeats) and phytohormones (ABRE, CGTCA-motif, and TCA-element). Furthermore, RNA-seq analysis revealed that CaAP2/ERF genes showed differential expression profiles in various tissues as well as under biotic stresses. Moreover, qRT-PCR analysis of eight selected CaAP2/ERF genes also showed differential expression patterns in response to infection with Phytophthora capsici (HX-9) and in response to phytohormones (SA, MeJA, and ETH). This study will provide basic insights for further studies of the CaAP2/ERF genes involved in the interaction between pepper and P. capsici.
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Ethylene plays important roles in the regulation of plant development and senescence, and largely acts through families of transcription factors. Some members of the plant-specific APETALA2/ethylene response factor (AP2/ERF) super...
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Ethylene plays important roles in the regulation of plant development and senescence, and largely acts through families of transcription factors. Some members of the plant-specific APETALA2/ethylene response factor (AP2/ERF) superfamily of transcription factors act downstream of the ethylene signaling pathway and are strongly conserved throughout the plant kingdom. Many members of this family of regulatory proteins are involved in the control of plant growth, defense, responses to the environment, and plant hormones. Recently, evidence showing that they are also key regulators of ripening fruit quality attributes, such as color, texture, and flavor, is accumulating, providing new targets for exploring biological function and action of ethylene in fruit. Here, we review the recent progress in functional characterization of members of the AP2/ERF family of transcription actors and their role in controlling multiple aspects of fruit quality.
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The phytohormone ethylene is widely involved in many developmental processes and is a crucial regulator of defense responses against biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. Ethylene-responsive element binding protein, a member of t...
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The phytohormone ethylene is widely involved in many developmental processes and is a crucial regulator of defense responses against biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. Ethylene-responsive element binding protein, a member of the APETALA2/ethylene response factor (AP2/ERF) superfamily, is a transcription factor that regulates stress-responsive genes by recognizing a specificcis-acting element of target DNA. A previous study showed only the NMR structure of the AP2/ERF domain of AtERF100 in complex with a GCC box DNA motif. In this report, we determined the crystal structure of AtERF96 in complex with a GCC box at atomic resolution. We analyzed the binding residues of the conserved AP2/ERF domain in the DNA recognition sequence. In addition to the AP2/ERF domain, an N-terminal alpha-helix of AtERF96 participates in DNA interaction in the flanking region. We also demonstrated the structure of AtERF96 EDLL motif, a unique conserved motif in the group IX of AP2/ERF family, might involve in the transactivation of defense-related genes. Our study establishes the structural basis of the AtERF96 transcription factor in complex with the GCC box, as well as the DNA binding mechanisms of the N-terminal alpha-helix and AP2/ERF domain.
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Iron (Fe) deficiency is one of the most common micronutrient deficiencies that limit crop production worldwide. Members of the AP2/ERF family play important roles in regulation of gene expression in response to many forms of stres...
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Iron (Fe) deficiency is one of the most common micronutrient deficiencies that limit crop production worldwide. Members of the AP2/ERF family play important roles in regulation of gene expression in response to many forms of stress, including Fe deficiency. Here, eight AP2/ERF genes that responded to Fe deficiency were identified in the apple (Malus x domestica) genome and their gene structures, putative conserved protein motifs, and phylogeny were analyzed. Expression profile analysis by quantitative real-time PCR confirmed that 8MdERFgenes, includingMdERF017, were induced by Fe deficiency. The maximum up-regulation ofMdERF017under Fe deficiency was 7.6- and 5.3-folds in leaves and roots, respectively. Overexpression ofMdERF017enhanced tolerance to Fe deficiency in transgenic apple calli and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacumL.). Taken together, our results demonstrate thatMdERF017encodes an iron-responsive transcriptional activator and provide valuable information for further study of ERF functions in apple.
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Citrus plants are sensitive to waterlogging, and the roots are the first plant organ affected by hypoxic stress. The AP2/ERF (APETALA2/ethylene-responsive element binding factors) can modulate plant growth and development. However...
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Citrus plants are sensitive to waterlogging, and the roots are the first plant organ affected by hypoxic stress. The AP2/ERF (APETALA2/ethylene-responsive element binding factors) can modulate plant growth and development. However, the information on AP2/ERF genes in citrus rootstock and their involvement in waterlogging conditions is limited. Previously, a rootstock cultivar, Citrus junos cv. Pujiang Xiangcheng was found to be highly tolerant to waterlogging stress. In this study, a total of 119 AP2/ERF members were identified in the C. junos genome. Conserved motif and gene structure analyses indicated the evolutionary conservation of PjAP2/ERFs. Syntenic gene analysis revealed 22 collinearity pairs among the 119 PjAP2/ERFs. The expression profiles under waterlogging stress showed differential expression of PjAP2/ERFs, of which, PjERF13 was highly expressed in both root and leaf. Furthermore, the heterologous expression of PjERF13 significantly enhanced the tolerance of transgenic tobacco to waterlogging stress. The overexpression of PjERF13 decreased the oxidative damage in the transgenic plants by reducing the H2O2 and MDA contents and increasing the antioxidant enzyme activities in the root and leaf. Overall, the current study provided basic information on the AP2/ERF family in the citrus rootstock and uncovered their potential function in positively regulating the waterlogging stress response.
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Ethylene, the simplest gaseous plant growth regulator (PGR), controls diverse physiological pathways in plants. Under various stress conditions and during different developmental stages, such as root elongation, leaf and flower se...
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Ethylene, the simplest gaseous plant growth regulator (PGR), controls diverse physiological pathways in plants. Under various stress conditions and during different developmental stages, such as root elongation, leaf and flower senescence, seed germination, tissue differentiation and organ abscission, ethylene biosynthesis is significantly increased. In rice, the internal ethylene concentration is rapidly regulated to a genetically, physiologically and morphologically relevant level under varibus stresses. Regulation of the ethylene signalling pathway under adverse conditions results in up-and/or down regulation of the expression of stress-related genes in different families. Transcription factors are proteins that influence and control a number of biological processes under both normal and stress conditions. APETALA 2/ethylene response factor (AP2/ERF) is a transcription factor that is considered to function in stress response pathways in rice. To date, many AP2/ERF genes have been functionally characterised in rice. An understanding of the interactions between the AP2/ERF genes and ethylene dependent mechanisms may provide new insights to facilitate the enhanced adaptation of rice to stress. In the current review, the structure and function of ethylene in rice under normal and stress conditions are described, and then the general functions of the plantAP2/ERF transcription factors are discussed. In addition, the interactions between the AP2/ERF genes and ethylene pathways under abiotic stresses, including submergence, cold, salinity, drought and heavy metal stresses, as well as those under biotic stresses, are summarised. Although the AP2/ERF genes have been identified, information on the physiological mechanisms of this gene family under stress conditions in rice remains limited. Therefore, further physiological studies must be performed in the future to identify additional features of this crucial gene family. (C) 2016 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license.
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