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Background: Globally, chronic disease is a leading cause of illness, disability and death and an important driver of health system utilization and spending. Continuity of care is a significant component of quality healthcare. Howe...
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Background: Globally, chronic disease is a leading cause of illness, disability and death and an important driver of health system utilization and spending. Continuity of care is a significant component of quality healthcare. However, an association between nurse-led services, interventions, patient outcomes and continuity of care at the primary and secondary interface as an outcome, has not been established for people with chronic disease.
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During asexual intraerythrocytic development, Plasmodium falciparum diverges from the paradigm of the eukaryotic cell cycles by undergoing multiple rounds of DNA replication and nuclear division without cytokinesis. A better under...
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During asexual intraerythrocytic development, Plasmodium falciparum diverges from the paradigm of the eukaryotic cell cycles by undergoing multiple rounds of DNA replication and nuclear division without cytokinesis. A better understanding of the molecular switches that coordinate a myriad of events for the progression of the parasite through the intraerythrocytic developmental stages will be of fundamental importance for rational design of intervention strategies. To achieve this goal, we performed isobaric tag-based quantitative proteomics and phosphoproteomics analyses of three developmental stages in the Plasmodium asexual cycle and identified 2767 proteins, 1337 phosphoproteins, and 6293 phosphorylation sites. Approximately 34% of identified proteins and 75% of phosphorylation sites exhibit changes in abundance as the intraerythrocytic cycle progresses. Our study identified 43 distinct phosphorylation motifs and a range of potential MAPK/CDK substrates. Further analysis of phosphorylated kinases identified 30 protein kinases with 126 phosphorylation sites within the kinase domain or in N- or C-terminal tails. Many of these phosphorylations are likely CK2-mediated. We define the constitutive and regulated expression of the Plasmodium proteome during the intraerythrocytic developmental cycle, offering an insight into the dynamics of phosphorylation during asexual cycle progression. Our system-wide comprehensive analysis is a major step toward defining kinase-substrate pairs operative in various signaling networks in the parasite.
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Replacing cropland with non-crop vegetation can affect predation of crop pests through multiple mechanisms, with varying implications for management. Prairie grasses have been planted for on-farm conservation across the United Sta...
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Replacing cropland with non-crop vegetation can affect predation of crop pests through multiple mechanisms, with varying implications for management. Prairie grasses have been planted for on-farm conservation across the United States. We examined the potential impacts of replacing cropland with prairie grasses on predation of Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), examining underlying mechanisms. Experiments disentangled changes in the area and edge-to-area ratio of potato patches from the addition of prairie grasses and determined if effects were mediated through herbivore or predator trophic levels. In 2007 and 2008, we compared predation of L. decemlineata eggs, egg and adult densities, and densities of natural enemies between (1) 15x20 m monocultures of potatoes, (2) smaller patches (2x20 m) surrounded by 15x20 m of bare ground and (3) small patches in a 15x20 m background of prairie grass. Predation increased fourfold in potatoes surrounded by native grasses compared to potato monocultures, an effect not explained by changes in potato area. Moreover, predation was elevated along edges of monoculture plots within 5 m of adjacent grasses but was consistently lower in their center and opposing edge, suggesting that proximity to grasses, and not edges in general, affected predation. Increases in predation were correlated with increased harvestmen (Opiliones) and spider (Araneae) abundance in native grasses. An experiment suggested the numerical response of harvestmen was sufficient to explain the observed increase in predation. Reducing the distance between crop and non-crop vegetation could benefit generalist predators and increase their impact in crops.Digital Object Identifier http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2011.11.009
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Replacing cropland with non-crop vegetation can affect predation of crop pests through multiple mechanisms, with varying implications for management. Prairie grasses have been planted for on-farm conservation across the United Sta...
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Replacing cropland with non-crop vegetation can affect predation of crop pests through multiple mechanisms, with varying implications for management. Prairie grasses have been planted for on-farm conservation across the United States. We examined the potential impacts of replacing cropland with prairie grasses on predation of Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), examining underlying mechanisms. Experiments disentangled changes in the area and edge-to-area ratio of potato patches from the addition of prairie grasses and determined if effects were mediated through herbivore or predator trophic levels. In 2007 and 2008, we compared predation of L. decemlineata eggs, egg and adult densities, and densities of natural enemies between (1) 15x20 m monocultures of potatoes, (2) smaller patches (2x20 m) surrounded by 15x20 m of bare ground and (3) small patches in a 15x20 m background of prairie grass. Predation increased fourfold in potatoes surrounded by native grasses compared to potato monocultures, an effect not explained by changes in potato area. Moreover, predation was elevated along edges of monoculture plots within 5 m of adjacent grasses but was consistently lower in their center and opposing edge, suggesting that proximity to grasses, and not edges in general, affected predation. Increases in predation were correlated with increased harvestmen (Opiliones) and spider (Araneae) abundance in native grasses. An experiment suggested the numerical response of harvestmen was sufficient to explain the observed increase in predation. Reducing the distance between crop and non-crop vegetation could benefit generalist predators and increase their impact in crops.Digital Object Identifier http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2011.11.009
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For animals that lay eggs, a longstanding question is, why do females choose particular oviposition sites? For insects that lay eggs on plants there are three hypotheses: maximizing suitable habitat for juveniles, maximizing femal...
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For animals that lay eggs, a longstanding question is, why do females choose particular oviposition sites? For insects that lay eggs on plants there are three hypotheses: maximizing suitable habitat for juveniles, maximizing female lifespan, and maximizing egg survival. We investigated the function of the oviposition-site choice behavior of a gall midge, the Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say). In spite of living less than a day and having hundreds of eggs, the ovipositing female is choosy about the placement of eggs. Choosiness makes sense. The tiny gall-making neonate larva has limited movement and strict requirements for colonization. We examined whether offspring benefit from the Hessian fly female's preference for the plant's youngest leaf. To do this we restricted the female's access to the first, second, or third leaf of a seedling (wheat Triticum aestivum L.) plant. Being placed on older leaves did not impact egg survival or larval survival during migration to attack sites at the base of the plant, but did have negative impacts on egg-to-adult survival (reduced by 48%) and reproductive potential (reduced by 30-45%). These negative impacts appear to come from larvae having to search harder to find the limited number of reactive plant cells that can be reprogrammed to form the gall nutritive tissue. We propose that the ability of larvae to find these reactive cells in spite of being placed on an older leaf is important because it creates leeway for female behavior to evolve in the face of other selection pressures, e.g., attack by egg parasitoids.
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A cross sectional survey was performed to obtain the characteristics of specialized inpatient psychiatry units exclusively serving children with autism and other developmental disorders in the United States. Identified units were ...
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A cross sectional survey was performed to obtain the characteristics of specialized inpatient psychiatry units exclusively serving children with autism and other developmental disorders in the United States. Identified units were surveyed on basic demographic characteristics, clinical challenges and therapeutic modalities. Average length of stay was 42.3 days, children with autism spectrum disorders constituted the majority of the inpatient population (62.5-87.5%), and obtaining adequate postdischarge services was identified as the greatest challenge. Health policy implications and future research directions are suggested.
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NMR spectroscopy has become one of the primary tools that chemists utilize to characterize a range of chemical species in the solution phase, from small organic molecules to medium-sized proteins. A discussion of NMR spectroscopy ...
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NMR spectroscopy has become one of the primary tools that chemists utilize to characterize a range of chemical species in the solution phase, from small organic molecules to medium-sized proteins. A discussion of NMR spectroscopy is an essential component of physical and biophysical chemistry lecture courses, and a number of instructional laboratory exercises have been described. The latter includes experiments to understand restricted rotations, measure relaxation times, and run two-dimensional NMR experiments. This note describes how NMR spectroscopy can be used to measure the translational diffusion coefficients using pulsed-field-gradients (PFG). Though the principle of the diffusion coefficient measurements is based on one of the earliest pulse-sequences proposed, the advent of standard availability of PFG in commercial NMR spectrometers has made the implementation of this experiment straightforward. In addition to learning the basic operation of an NMR spectrometer, the specific goals of the experiment may include understanding the effect of temperature, solvent viscosity, and concentration on molecular motions as well as the analysis of a mixture. Complete details on how to implement the experiment and perform data analysis are provided in the Supporting Information.
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