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The main objective of this manuscript is to look anew at Energy intensity, an indicator often used as measure of efficient economic development, which currently does not include any environmental component. The authors compared re...
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The main objective of this manuscript is to look anew at Energy intensity, an indicator often used as measure of efficient economic development, which currently does not include any environmental component. The authors compared results obtained on the same sample by using Energy Intensity, a well known indicator, and Index of Energy Intensity Cost, an improved indicator suggested by the authors. The new indicator includes carbon emission cost, since 96% of carbon emission is result of energy con
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The efficient use of energy is of prime importance in all sector of the economy. Energy cost is a significant factor in economic activity on par with factors of production like capital, land and labor [1]. The imperative of an ene...
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The efficient use of energy is of prime importance in all sector of the economy. Energy cost is a significant factor in economic activity on par with factors of production like capital, land and labor [1]. The imperative of an energy shortage situation calls for energy conservation measure, which essentially means using less energy for the same level of activity. A comprehensive energy audit of Vitamalt Nigeria Plc, Agbara was carried out using portable thermal and electrical instruments with the objective of studying the present pattern of energy consumption and identifying the possibilities of saving energy in the plant. Collected, was a five year (2000-2004) data on energy consumption of Vitamalt Nig. Plc. The data were evaluated and analyzed to determine the present energy performance level of the firm. A complete energy balance of the factory was carried out to relate energy input, conversion efficiency with production output in order to identify areas of energy wastages/losses and savings that can be achieved. Energy performance parameters such as Energy intensity, Energy productivity and Normalized performance indicator (NPI) were used as a measure of assessing the energy performance of the plant. The NPI calculated over the span of five years gave an average of 1.2 GJ/m2 indicating a FAIR range in energy performance level classification (1.0 - 1.2) while significant savings and improvement in energy usage is achievable. Maximizing efficiency of existing system, optimizing energy input requirement and significant capital investment in procuring new energy conserving equipment must be made for the energy performance level to fall into a good range classification (less than 0.8).
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A previous approach to estimate the time course of instantaneous metabolic power and O-2 consumption in team sports has been updated to assess also energy expenditure against air resistance and to identify walking and running sepa...
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A previous approach to estimate the time course of instantaneous metabolic power and O-2 consumption in team sports has been updated to assess also energy expenditure against air resistance and to identify walking and running separately. Whole match energy expenditure turned out approximate to 14% smaller than previously obtained, the fraction against the air resistance amounting to approximate to 2% of the total. Estimated net O(2)consumption and overall energy expenditure are fairly close to those measured by means of a portable metabolic cart; the average difference, after a 45min exercise period of variable intensity and mode, amounting to approximate to 10%. Aerobic and anaerobic energy yields, metabolic power, energy expenditure and duration of High (HI) and Low (LI) intensity bouts can also be estimated. Indeed, data on 497 soccer players during the 2014/2015 Italian "Serie A" show that the number of HI efforts decreased from the first to the last 15-min periods of the match, without substantial changes in mean metabolic power (approximate to 22Wkg(-1)) and duration (approximate to 6.5s). On the contrary, mean metabolic power of the LI decreased (5.8 to 4.8Wkg(-1)), mainly because of a longer duration thereof, thus underscoring the need for longer recovery periods between HI.
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An on-the-farm evaluation of energy inputs and output in 40 farms was conducted to determine the distributions of six main energy sources (i.e. human, fuel, machinery, seeds, fertilizer and pesticides) used in wetland paddy cultiv...
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An on-the-farm evaluation of energy inputs and output in 40 farms was conducted to determine the distributions of six main energy sources (i.e. human, fuel, machinery, seeds, fertilizer and pesticides) used in wetland paddy cultivation in Malaysia. The average paddy yield was found to be 7625 kg/ha with total energy input of 16,440 MJ/ha, energy output/input ratio of 7.76 and energy intensity of 2.16 MJ/kg. Compared to energy intensities for the production of rice in China, India and Thailand of 3.91, 3.50 and 4.44 MJ/kg respectively, paddy farmers in Malaysia used the least energy per unit of paddy produced. Almost 84% of the total energy input used in the cultivation was from fossil-based non-renewable resources, of which fertilizer, fuel, pesticides and machinery accounted for 60, 17, 4 and 3% respectively. The share contributions from seed, human labor and organic fertilizer which constituted the renewable resources were 15, 0.25 and 0.22% respectively. The benefit-cost ratio and total cost of production were 1.37 and RM6, 657/ha respectively. The fitted regression model revealed a direct relationship of yield with fuel, machinery, fertilizer, pesticides and seed energy expenditures and an inverse relationship of yield with the human energy expenditure. (c) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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This paper analyses the impact of green innovation on energy intensity in a set of 14 industrial sectors in 17 OECD countries over the 1975-2005 period. We create a stock of green patents for each industrial sector and estimate a ...
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This paper analyses the impact of green innovation on energy intensity in a set of 14 industrial sectors in 17 OECD countries over the 1975-2005 period. We create a stock of green patents for each industrial sector and estimate a translog cost function to measure the impact of green innovation on energy intensity, next to other factors such as input substitution and autonomous technical change. We find that green innovation has contributed to the decline in energy intensity in the majority of sectors: the median elasticity of energy intensity with respect to green patenting is estimated at -0.03 in our sample. Hence, a 1% increase in green patenting activities in a given sector is associated with a 0.03% decline in energy intensity. The magnitude of the effect is robust across various specifications and is larger in more recent years. A decomposition exercise shows that, overall, half of the decrease in energy intensity over the sample period is related to changes in input prices and half to changes in production technologies. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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The existing literatures have not systematically studied and reached a consensus on the relationship between labor costs and energy intensity.This study introduces the mediation model to solve the theoretical disputes,and proposes...
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The existing literatures have not systematically studied and reached a consensus on the relationship between labor costs and energy intensity.This study introduces the mediation model to solve the theoretical disputes,and proposes three mediating effects of labor costs on energy intensity,i.e.,substitution effect,industrial structure effect,and total factor productivity effect.The bootstrap confidence interval method and causal steps approach are used to test the mediating effects and decompose total effect.As indicated by the empirical study using panel data of 22 emerging economies,the total effect of rising labor costs on energy intensity is negative.The contributions of substitution effect,industrial structure effect and total factor productivity effect to the total effect are -21.8%,8.9% and 76.4% respectively.Therefore,the total factor productivity growth turns out to be the main way in which labor costs affect energy intensity in emerging economies.These findings provide new empirical support for the Neo-classical growth theory and Environment Kuznets Curve hypothesis from the perspective of labor costs.
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Large amount of energy is being consumed by the buildings at its operational phase and it is one of the significant source of carbon discharge throughout their service life, which directly affects global warming. Therefore, it is ...
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Large amount of energy is being consumed by the buildings at its operational phase and it is one of the significant source of carbon discharge throughout their service life, which directly affects global warming. Therefore, it is essential to optimize energy use intensity (EUI) as well as energy cost with the utilization of the building information modeling technology (BIM) to perform energy analysis. Objective of the study is to study modeling software for energy simulation and to evaluate different measures by altering design criteria's and thereby reducing energy consumption for achieving best energy-efficient building in terms of EUI and energy cost. In this study, an attempt has been made to evaluate the EUI and energy cost of a commercial building located in Vadodara City, Gujarat, India. Modeling of the building is performed by utilizing Autodesk Revit Architecture, and further for energy analysis, Autodesk Insight is used. These study targets are to provide energy-efficient building by varying different design strategies with respect to EUI and energy cost based on ASHRAE 90.1 standards. It is observed that with the minor variation in design strategies causes large percentage of difference in the EUI as well as energy cost. Present work concludes from the energy analysis that energy cost can be reduced up to a great extent by implementing BIM which is helpful to implement better design options prior to construction of building by optimizing annual energy budget incurred compared to traditional methods which may involve errors in computations.
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Cloud computing is a suitable platform to execute various applications. At the same time, it should not only provide QoS such as high throughput but also achieve relevant criteria such as efficient power consumption and appropriat...
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Cloud computing is a suitable platform to execute various applications. At the same time, it should not only provide QoS such as high throughput but also achieve relevant criteria such as efficient power consumption and appropriate execution cost. To address this challenge, we present an energy and cost aware algorithm for scheduling instance-intensive IoT workflows with batch processing in clouds, which is named ECIB and aimed to improve energy efficiency and reduce execution cost while meeting the deadline requirements. Specifically, we propose a prediction based strategy to guide the management of resources by the historical data and CPU usage prediction results of physical machines. Then, we propose two strategies to scale up or scale down the virtual machine resources to optimize the energy consumption for the cloud data centers. In addition, we adopt a batch processing strategy to merge some activity instances of the same type so as to reduce execution cost for the cloud users and improve resource utilization for the cloud data centers. The effectiveness of the ECIB algorithm is evaluated by extensive experiments using CloudSim and four types of instance-intensive IoT workflow applications. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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This article presents a framework from a systems' perspective to benchmark biomethane supply chains consisting of biogas upgrading, biomethane distribution, and refilling in the context of Western Europe.Compressed biomethane is a...
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This article presents a framework from a systems' perspective to benchmark biomethane supply chains consisting of biogas upgrading, biomethane distribution, and refilling in the context of Western Europe.Compressed biomethane is already widely adopted as a vehicle fuel, whereas liquefied biomethane is also a vialble alternative. Distribution in gas grids is a feasible option only in short distances and large scale, whereas trucks with composite swap bodies is the preferable alternative otherwise. As a whole, liquefied biomethane supply chains manifests better attributes from both climate and cost perspectives, whereas compressed biomethane supply chains imply better energy intensity.
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A simple model is used to estimate the potential costs of production of four cultivation regimes that can be used to produce biomass for energy in central Chile. The selected cultivation regimes represent different silvicultural i...
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A simple model is used to estimate the potential costs of production of four cultivation regimes that can be used to produce biomass for energy in central Chile. The selected cultivation regimes represent different silvicultural intensities and use Populus, Salix, Pinus and Eucalyptus genders. The model considers that the potential cost of production is explained by a cost of cultivation, a cost of harvest and a cost of soil use. It accounts for the different yields expected in each site and the energetic value of the biomass obtained. Sites of minimum potential costs for each cultivation regime are identified. The results obtained show that non-intensive silvicultural regimes using Eucalyptus and Pinus are associated to considerably lower minimum potential costs of production (0.04-0.06 UF GJ~(-1) HHV) than intensive silvicultural regimes that use Salix and Populus (0.12-0.14 UF GJ~(-1) HHV). It was also found that to obtain the lowest production cost in non-intensive silviculture, it is preferable to use sites of high productivity although their cost of use is higher.
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