摘要: The exchange program of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) and the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (ASUSSR) dates from 1959. Comparable interacademy programs for exchange of individuals were begun with the Poles, Yugoslavs, Ro... 展开 The exchange program of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) and the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (ASUSSR) dates from 1959. Comparable interacademy programs for exchange of individuals were begun with the Poles, Yugoslavs, Romanians, and Czechoslovaks in 1966, with the Bulgarians and Hungarians in 1970, and with the East Germans (GDR) in 1978. The seven East European programs represent approximately two-thirds of total exchange visits (as measured by months of quota and program cost); the Soviet program, one third. Relatively unaffected by changes in U.S. political relations with the Soviet Union and its European allies but sensitive to American concerns over violations of human rights, the interacademy program operated for many years at approximately 330 months of exchange visits in each direction annually. With Federal budget reductions in 1981, support for the Academy's Soviet-East European exchange program, which has come exclusively from the National Science Foundation, was reduced by nearly 50%. At that time, the quotas in all programs were proportionately reduced. 收起