摘要 : i >>& xbf;When the first commercial electromagnetic (EM) simulators appeared in the late 1980s and early 1990s, we were thrilled to be able to accurately simulate a single microstrip discontinuity, even if the simulation ran overn... 展开 i >>& xbf;When the first commercial electromagnetic (EM) simulators appeared in the late 1980s and early 1990s, we were thrilled to be able to accurately simulate a single microstrip discontinuity, even if the simulation ran overnight. Today, computer hardware is cheaper and much faster, and EM simulation software is more efficient and sophisticated. Even so, putting an EM simulator inside an optimization loop is still not practical in most cases. Even our simple N = 5 hairpin filter example does not lend itself to directly driven EM optimization. The desire to efficiently optimize microwave filters using accurate EM simulation data led us to the port-tuning concept [1]. 收起