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The recovery program for desert tortoises in the Mojave and Colorado deserts (USFWS, 2011) requires range-wide, long-term monitoring to determine whether recovery goals are met. Specifically, will population numbers within recover...
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The recovery program for desert tortoises in the Mojave and Colorado deserts (USFWS, 2011) requires range-wide, long-term monitoring to determine whether recovery goals are met. Specifically, will population numbers within recovery units remain stable or increase over a period of 25 years. In 1999, the Desert Tortoise Management Oversight Group endorsed the use of line distance sampling (Buckland et al., 2001) as the method for estimating range- wide desert tortoise density. From 2001 to 2005, and again from 2007 through 2009, desert tortoise populations in 5 of the 6 recovery units have been part of a coordinated, range-wide monitoring program using line distance sampling. (The Upper Virgin River Recovery Unit is monitored by Utah Division of Wildlife Resources (McLuckie et al., 2012).) This report describes the full set of quality assurance steps and final results for the 2008 and 2009 monitoring efforts. Since monitoring started again in 2007, the above recommendations guided improvements to the program (USFWS, 2009a). In 2008, the focus continued, with particular emphasis on a more comprehensive training program, on the premise that training is the opportunity to develop and evaluate quality data collection and to build consistency between separate field teams.
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Entries qualify for inclusion if they were conducted in whole or part at the Desert Experimental Range (DER, also known as the Desert Range Experiment Station) or were based on DER research in whole or part. They do not qualify me...
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Entries qualify for inclusion if they were conducted in whole or part at the Desert Experimental Range (DER, also known as the Desert Range Experiment Station) or were based on DER research in whole or part. They do not qualify merely by the author having worked at the DER when the research was performed or prepared. Entries were drawn from the original abstracts or summaries when those were included in the original document. The conclusions are those of the original authors. Likewise, (1) taxonomic treatments are those of the original authors with our occasional annotations for clarification and (2) tense is that of the original. However if the original was presented in first person point of view it was modified to third person point of view to provide internal homogeneity in the document.
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The Upper Sonoran Desert and Desert Grasslands covers over 10 million acres in southern Arizona. The environment is erratic with daily temperatures reaching over 100 degrees F in the summer and occasional freezing in the winter. P...
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The Upper Sonoran Desert and Desert Grasslands covers over 10 million acres in southern Arizona. The environment is erratic with daily temperatures reaching over 100 degrees F in the summer and occasional freezing in the winter. Precipitation ranges from ten to about sixteen inches annually, depending on elevation. Winter and summer rainy seasons are usually well defined, and prolonged droughts are common. The harshness of this climate poses special problems for native plants and they have had to develop various strategies to survive. Woody plants are xerophytic, having various means of protection against loss of water by excessive transpiration. Strategies that work in some years fail in others, although significant shifts in species composition usually occurred over long periods. These strategies also affect the success of various herbicide treatments. Several species have few leaves and rely on photosynthesis in stems; thus, foliar applied herbicides have not proven effective.
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Army Sustainment is a vital aspect of success in war. Throughout U.S. military history, the ability to sustain military forces for extended periods has led to numerous military victories. The Normandy invasion and subsequent defea...
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Army Sustainment is a vital aspect of success in war. Throughout U.S. military history, the ability to sustain military forces for extended periods has led to numerous military victories. The Normandy invasion and subsequent defeat of Nazi Germany was possible because of a strong U.S. industrial base and the strategic sustainment capabilities of the Allied armies. The logistics build-up of Operations Desert Shield and sustainment operations leading up to the invasion of Iraq in 2003, are the most recent examples of the criticality of sustainment planning for offensive operations. Likewise, throughout U.S. military history, private contracting supported military sustainment operations. As technology and weapons sophistication developed, and U.S. Armies increased in sheer numbers, the ability of the Active Force to sustain itself lessened, and the numbers of private contractors grew exponentially. This study reveals the difficulties that Army Sustainment faces in supporting its forces without significant contractor assistance. Operations Desert Shield and Iraqi Freedom represent an imbalance of private contractors and U.S. Army sustainment capabilities. These two cases suggest a need to maintain the correct balance of military sustainment capabilities with maneuver forces in the U.S. Army. Not achieving this important task will affect our future military readiness and ability to sustain military forces in distant theaters of operations.
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The Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) broadband shortwave channel, 0.3 - 5 micrometer, measures atmosphere and surface reflected solar radiation. CERES provides an in-flight tungsten lamp to monitor the shortwav...
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The Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) broadband shortwave channel, 0.3 - 5 micrometer, measures atmosphere and surface reflected solar radiation. CERES provides an in-flight tungsten lamp to monitor the shortwave radiometric stability over the lifetime of the instrument. Initial Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) tungsten calibration results indicate a 0.6% change over the first six months of mission life (Priestley et al. 1998). The three channel intercomparison technique and the solar diffuser calibration results show shortwave stabilities of 0.2% and 0.3% for the same time period (Priestley et al. 1998). Current belief is that the tungsten lamp, not the radiometer, has drifted. Radiometers, optics, and onboard calibrators exposed to the harsh space environment often degrade. Independent validation studies based on bright Earth viewing measurements are necessary to support the in-flight filtered calibration results.
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This technical note is a reformatted and slightly revised version of USARIEM TN91-1, Sustaining Health and Performance in the Desert: Environmental Medicine Guidance for Operations in Southwest Asia, December 1990. This pocket-siz...
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This technical note is a reformatted and slightly revised version of USARIEM TN91-1, Sustaining Health and Performance in the Desert: Environmental Medicine Guidance for Operations in Southwest Asia, December 1990. This pocket-sized version was prepared at the request of HQDA for distribution to unit leaders deployed in Operation Desert Shield. Keywords: Environments, Health, Performance(human), Thirst, Climate psychology, Heat stress, Cold weather, Stress physiology, Rations, Deserts, Southwest asia, Dehydration. (EMK)
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As part of a program to characterize and baseline environmental parameters, ambient radon-222 (Rn) monitoring was conducted in the rural community of Amargosa Valley, NV, the closest community to Yucca Mountain. Passive integratin...
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As part of a program to characterize and baseline environmental parameters, ambient radon-222 (Rn) monitoring was conducted in the rural community of Amargosa Valley, NV, the closest community to Yucca Mountain. Passive integrating and continuous Rn monitoring instruments were deployed adjacent to the Community Environmental Monitoring Program (CEMP) station in Amargosa Valley. The CEMP station provided real-time ambient gamma exposure and meteorological data used to correct the integrated Rn measurements, verified the meteorological data collected by the continuous Rn monitoring instrument, and for provided instrumentation for evaluating the relationships between meteorological conditions and Rn concentrations. Hourly Rn concentrations in air measured by the continuous Rn monitoring instrument (AlphaGUARD) were compared to the average hourly values for the integrating Rn measurements (E-PERM) by dividing the total Rn measurements by the number of hours the instruments were deployed. The results of the comparison indicated that average hourly ambient Rn concentrations as measured by both methods ranged from 0.2 to 0.4 pico-curies per liter of air. Ambient Rn values for the AlphaGUARD exhibited diurnal variations. When Rn concentrations were compared with measurements of temperature (T), barometric pressure, and relative humidity, the correlation (inversely) was highest with T, albeit weakly.
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