摘要 :
In this review paper, the corrosion characteristics of the B-type, C-type, and G-type HASTELLOY alloys are defined, for several industrially-important, inorganic chemicals. lso-corrosion diagrams, giving expected corrosion rates a...
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In this review paper, the corrosion characteristics of the B-type, C-type, and G-type HASTELLOY alloys are defined, for several industrially-important, inorganic chemicals. lso-corrosion diagrams, giving expected corrosion rates as a function of concentration and temperature, are provided in support of the discussion. Plots of the associated 0.1 mm/y lines are used to compare the performance of these nickel alloys with those of the stainless steels and reactive metal alloys. Unlike the stainless steels, the versatile C-type alloys are very resistant to chloride-induced stress corrosion cracking, pitting, and crevice attack. They are also much more resistant than the stainless steels to hydrochloric, hydrobromic, and hydrofluoric acids.
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摘要 :
In this review paper, the corrosion characteristics of the B-type, C-type, and G-type HASTELLOY alloys are defined, for several industrially-important, inorganic chemicals. lso-corrosion diagrams, giving expected corrosion rates a...
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In this review paper, the corrosion characteristics of the B-type, C-type, and G-type HASTELLOY alloys are defined, for several industrially-important, inorganic chemicals. lso-corrosion diagrams, giving expected corrosion rates as a function of concentration and temperature, are provided in support of the discussion. Plots of the associated 0.1 mm/y lines are used to compare the performance of these nickel alloys with those of the stainless steels and reactive metal alloys. Unlike the stainless steels, the versatile C-type alloys are very resistant to chloride-induced stress corrosion cracking, pitting, and crevice attack. They are also much more resistant than the stainless steels to hydrochloric, hydrobromic, and hydrofluoric acids.
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摘要 :
A novel acidizing additive is developed to improve acidizing effectiveness, especially to solve the problems during acidizing process, like rapid acid-rock reaction rate etc. The monomer was synthetized by Mannich reaction. Experi...
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A novel acidizing additive is developed to improve acidizing effectiveness, especially to solve the problems during acidizing process, like rapid acid-rock reaction rate etc. The monomer was synthetized by Mannich reaction. Experimental results indicate that the optimum conditions are: mass ratio 18.5:8:14 of formaldehyde to amine A and phosphorus B, reaction temperature 90℃, reaction time 14h, polymerization inhibitor hydroquinone dosage 0.25%, under which the degree of conversion amounts to 91%. Infrared spectrum shows the feasibility of synthesis scheme. Then the monomer copolymerized with AMPS under the conditions: mass ratio 24.2:4 of monomer to AMPS, reaction temperature 80℃, reaction time 1h, monomer concentration 40%, and initiator dosage 2.0%. The corrosion and secondary precipitate performance of the retarded acid system was investigated. The results indicate that this operating fluid has superior retarding effectiveness and excellent secondary precipitate behavior. By core displacement experiment, the excellent retarding property of the retarded acid was further confirmed.
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摘要 :
A novel acidizing additive is developed to improve acidizing effectiveness, especially to solve the problems during acidizing process, like rapid acid-rock reaction rate etc. The monomer was synthetized by Mannich reaction. Experi...
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A novel acidizing additive is developed to improve acidizing effectiveness, especially to solve the problems during acidizing process, like rapid acid-rock reaction rate etc. The monomer was synthetized by Mannich reaction. Experimental results indicate that the optimum conditions are: mass ratio 18.5:8:14 of formaldehyde to amine A and phosphorus B, reaction temperature 90℃, reaction time 14h, polymerization inhibitor hydroquinone dosage 0.25%, under which the degree of conversion amounts to 91%. Infrared spectrum shows the feasibility of synthesis scheme. Then the monomer copolymerized with AMPS under the conditions: mass ratio 24.2:4 of monomer to AMPS, reaction temperature 80℃, reaction time 1h, monomer concentration 40%, and initiator dosage 2.0%. The corrosion and secondary precipitate performance of the retarded acid system was investigated. The results indicate that this operating fluid has superior retarding effectiveness and excellent secondary precipitate behavior. By core displacement experiment, the excellent retarding property of the retarded acid was further confirmed.
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摘要 :
A novel acidizing additive is developed to improve acidizing effectiveness, especially to solve the problems during acidizing process, like rapid acid-rock reaction rate etc. The monomer was synthetized by Mannich reaction. Experi...
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A novel acidizing additive is developed to improve acidizing effectiveness, especially to solve the problems during acidizing process, like rapid acid-rock reaction rate etc. The monomer was synthetized by Mannich reaction. Experimental results indicate that the optimum conditions are: mass ratio 18.5:8:14 of formaldehyde to amine A and phosphorus B, reaction temperature 90°C, reaction time 14h, polymerization inhibitor hydroquinone dosage 0.25%, under which the degree of conversion amounts to 91%. Infrared spectrum shows the feasibility of synthesis scheme. Then the monomer copolymerized with AMPS under the conditions: mass ratio 24.2:4 of monomer to AMPS, reaction temperature 80°C, reaction time 1h, monomer concentration 40%, and initiator dosage 2.0%. The corrosion and secondary precipitate performance of the retarded acid system was investigated. The results indicate that this operating fluid has superior retarding effectiveness and excellent secondary precipitate behavior. By core displacement experiment, the excellent retarding property of the retarded acid was further confirmed.
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摘要 :
The AAAc(1:1) was synthesized in water by As_2O_3 and Sb_2O_3 with molar ratio of 1 : 1. AAAc(1:1) was characterized by Raman, IR, TG/DTG, DSC, XPS and XRD. The results show that there are four peaks to v_s of As—OH, As—O—Sb, S...
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The AAAc(1:1) was synthesized in water by As_2O_3 and Sb_2O_3 with molar ratio of 1 : 1. AAAc(1:1) was characterized by Raman, IR, TG/DTG, DSC, XPS and XRD. The results show that there are four peaks to v_s of As—OH, As—O—Sb, Sb—OH and Sb—O—Sb in Raman spectra of AAAc(1:1) at 100 - 1 000 cm~(-1). The solution of AAAc(1:1) was also titrated with KOH solution. The titration results show that AAAc(1 : 1) is a hexa-basic acid with dissociation constants of k_1 = 3. 62 X 10~(-2), k_2 = 3. 05 X 10~(-3), k_3 = 6. 43 X 10~(-6), k_4 = 9. 78 X 10~(-8), k_5 = 1. 32X 10~(-11) , k_6 =3. 87X 10~(-12). AAAc(1:1) has a good solubility and stability in water, its solid obtained by free volatilizing water from its solution under air at ambient temperature is amorphous. Chemical and thermal analysis show that the composition of AAAc(1:1) is As_2O_5 · Sb_2O_5 · 8H_2O in air at 25℃. AAAc(1:1) has the structure of AsO(OH)_2—OH—Sb(OH)_4—O—Sb(OH)_4—OH—AsO(OH)_2 or As (OH)_3—O—Sb(OH)_4—O— Sb(OH)_4—O—As(OH)_3(isomerism) through experimental determination and geometry optimization.
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摘要 :
The AAAc(1:1) was synthesized in water by As_2O_3 and Sb_2O_3 with molar ratio of 1 : 1. AAAc(1:1) was characterized by Raman, IR, TG/DTG, DSC, XPS and XRD. The results show that there are four peaks to v_s of As—OH, As—O—Sb, S...
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The AAAc(1:1) was synthesized in water by As_2O_3 and Sb_2O_3 with molar ratio of 1 : 1. AAAc(1:1) was characterized by Raman, IR, TG/DTG, DSC, XPS and XRD. The results show that there are four peaks to v_s of As—OH, As—O—Sb, Sb—OH and Sb—O—Sb in Raman spectra of AAAc(1:1) at 100 - 1 000 cm~(-1). The solution of AAAc(1:1) was also titrated with KOH solution. The titration results show that AAAc(1 : 1) is a hexa-basic acid with dissociation constants of k_1 = 3. 62 X 10~(-2), k_2 = 3. 05 X 10~(-3), k_3 = 6. 43 X 10~(-6), k_4 = 9. 78 X 10~(-8), k_5 = 1. 32X 10~(-11) , k_6 =3. 87X 10~(-12). AAAc(1:1) has a good solubility and stability in water, its solid obtained by free volatilizing water from its solution under air at ambient temperature is amorphous. Chemical and thermal analysis show that the composition of AAAc(1:1) is As_2O_5 · Sb_2O_5 · 8H_2O in air at 25℃. AAAc(1:1) has the structure of AsO(OH)_2—OH—Sb(OH)_4—O—Sb(OH)_4—OH—AsO(OH)_2 or As (OH)_3—O—Sb(OH)_4—O— Sb(OH)_4—O—As(OH)_3(isomerism) through experimental determination and geometry optimization.
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LAPAN has measured rain acidity in Bandung, the location is Cipedes since 1985, with average pH in 1985 was 6.25. The pH condition 1985-1999 as follow: The monthly average of pH in period 19851992 was >5.6: in the middle of 1996-1...
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LAPAN has measured rain acidity in Bandung, the location is Cipedes since 1985, with average pH in 1985 was 6.25. The pH condition 1985-1999 as follow: The monthly average of pH in period 19851992 was >5.6: in the middle of 1996-1997 it had big variation and than decrease until now. The monthly average of pH in 1997 until now was <5.6. The pH has decreasing trend, the reason was increasing fuel combustion for transportation and household because the area around the observation was change from rural to be transportation and settlement area. The rain acidity comparison in Cipedes (rural site), Cicahuem (busy site), and Tanjungsari (remote site) hold in 198&1987, the result was Tanjungsari the remote site had the lowest pH. It's suggested the reason was sulphur compound from Kamojang crater and air pollution from industrial area in south-east of Bandung were blown by the wind through this place. The influence of air pollution to acid rain was studied by measurement NO{sub}3{sup}- and SO{sub}4{sup}(2-) in 5 places around Bandung, the results were: North of Bandung had the lowest NO{sub}3{sup}- concentration because the traffics were low: but had the highest SO{sub}4{sup}(2-) concentration; it's caused by emission of sulphur compounds from Tangkuban Pemini Montain. South of Bandung had the highest NO{sub}3{sup}- concentration because the traffics were crowded and a lot of industries around it. In general Bandung had SO{sub}4{sup}(2-) concentration higher than NO{sub}3{sup}- concentration, it's suggested due to the influence of sulphur compound from Tangkuban Perahu Montain. The observation rain acidity in Ciater at Tangkuban Perahu Montain started in 1996, the result in period 1996-1998 as follow: The pH had decreasing trend, it's due to the traffic near this observation increase, so the air pollution around this area increase, it will influence the rain acidity. The maximum monthly average of ph was 6.78 and minimum was 4.63, the pH monthly average generally <6. In El NINO year 1997, the monthly average of pH in April and December were >6.5.
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摘要 :
LAPAN has measured rain acidity in Bandung, the location is Cipedes since 1985, with average pH in 1985 was 6.25. The pH condition 1985-1999 as follow: The monthly average of pH in period 1985-1992 was >5.6: in the middle of 1996-...
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LAPAN has measured rain acidity in Bandung, the location is Cipedes since 1985, with average pH in 1985 was 6.25. The pH condition 1985-1999 as follow: The monthly average of pH in period 1985-1992 was >5.6: in the middle of 1996-1997 it had big variation and than decrease until now. The monthly average of pH in 1997 until now was <5.6. The pH has decreasing trend, the reason was increasing fuel combustion for transportation and household because the area around the observation was change from rural to be transportation and settlement area. The rain acidity comparison in Cipedes (rural site), Cicahuem (busy site), and Tanjungsari (remote site) hold in 1986-1987, the result was Tanjungsari the remote site had the lowest pH. It's suggested the reason was sulphur compound from Kamojang crater and air pollution from industrial area in south-east of Bandung were blown by the wind through this place. The influence of air pollution to acid rain was studied by measurement NO_3~- and SO_4~(2-) in 5 places around Bandung, the results were: North of Bandung had the lowest NO_3~- concentration because the traffics were low: but had the highest SO_4~(2-) concentration; it's caused by emission of sulphur compounds from Tangkuban Perahu Montain. South of Bandung had the highest NO_3~-concentration because the traffics were crowded and a lot of industries around it. In general Bandung had SO_4~(2-) concentration higher than NO_3~(-) concentration, it's suggested due to the influence of sulphur compound from Tangkuban Perahu Montain. The observation rain acidity in Ciater at Tangkuban Perahu Montain started in 1996, the result in period 1996-1998 as follow: The pH had decreasing trend, it's due to the traffic near this observation increase, so the air pollution around this area increase, it will influence the rain acidity. The maximum monthly average of ph was 6.78 and minimum was 4.63, the pH monthly average generally < 6. In El NINO year 1997, the monthly average of pH in April and December were > 6.5.
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Gaseous and paniculate phase low molecular weight (LMW) dicarboxylic acids (oxalic acid, acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid and maleic acid) were measured during the spring of 1998 at an I site, Urawa. The daytime and...
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Gaseous and paniculate phase low molecular weight (LMW) dicarboxylic acids (oxalic acid, acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid and maleic acid) were measured during the spring of 1998 at an I site, Urawa. The daytime and nighttime samples were collected with the annular denuders - filter pack sampler to suppress filter artifacts and were determined by (an ion chromatography for oxalic acid and) a capillary GC-MS method employing a dibutyl ester derivatization technique for other acids. Molecular distributions of LMW dicarboxylic acids demonstrated that oxalic acid was the most abundant both gaseous and paniculate phase, followed by maleic (M) acid and succinic (C_4) acid in gaseous phase and succinic acid and malonic (C_3) acid in paniculate phase. The concentration of gaseous and paniculate oxalic acids ranged from 320 ng/m~3 to 681 ng/m~3 and 403 ng/m~3 to 777 ng/m~3, respectively. The concentrations of LMW dicarboxylic acids during the daytime were found to be generally higher than that of the nighttime. The average abundance ratios of gaseous phase to total (gaseous and paniculate) one measured for oxal-ic acid are 48 % and 39 % during the daytime and the nighttime, respectively. Maleic acid was found to be mostly presence (86 % ) in gaseous phase during the daytime. The negative artifact of paniculate phase during sampling was estimated. The range was approximately 10 - 50 % over the study period.
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