摘要 :
Buildings of the future should be designed with features that meet the anticipated challenges of technological, environmental, and societal progress. When increasingly sophisticated communications and control systems are integrate...
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Buildings of the future should be designed with features that meet the anticipated challenges of technological, environmental, and societal progress. When increasingly sophisticated communications and control systems are integrated into a building's design, the door is opened to endless innovations; when incorporated into construction procedures, energy consumption is contained and the environment is better protected. Through smart construction, a more comfortable built environment can be created while simultaneously reducing a site's carbon footprint. Green building melds technology and living practices to modify water efficiency and increase energy efficiency. The use of eco-friendly materials and innovative procedures will result in optimized energy performance, extra commissioning measurements and verification, and continual carbon dioxide monitoring. This is essential as LEED and BREEAM schemes are expected to become future requirements of any construction project, large or small. Self-sustaining buildings will be the best solution for meeting the ever-growing technological demand on energy, as well as many countries' stated goals of independence from carbon-based energy sources.
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The analysis of flood impacts on buildings in large areas require both a building typology and a method to calculate its physical impacts. This paper focuses on the importance of extraction of building characteristics from remote ...
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The analysis of flood impacts on buildings in large areas require both a building typology and a method to calculate its physical impacts. This paper focuses on the importance of extraction of building characteristics from remote sensing data in areas where the characterisation of the building structure is lacking. A comprehensive description of a number of building parameters which are necessary for deriving a building typology in the context of flood vulnerability assessment is given. This paper briefly summarises different methods for the extraction of those parameters from remote sensing and GIS analyses. Finally, the application of the extraction of the parameters on one set of data is shown, concluding some advantages of this approach for further analysis of flood damages.
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摘要 :
The analysis of flood impacts on buildings in large areas require both a building typology and a method to calculate its physical impacts. This paper focuses on the importance of extraction of building characteristics from remote ...
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The analysis of flood impacts on buildings in large areas require both a building typology and a method to calculate its physical impacts. This paper focuses on the importance of extraction of building characteristics from remote sensing data in areas where the characterisation of the building structure is lacking. A comprehensive description of a number of building parameters which are necessary for deriving a building typology in the context of flood vulnerability assessment is given. This paper briefly summarises different methods for the extraction of those parameters from remote sensing and GIS analyses. Finally, the application of the extraction of the parameters on one set of data is shown, concluding some advantages of this approach for further analysis of flood damages.
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摘要 :
The analysis of flood impacts on buildings in large areas require both a building typology and a method to calculate its physical impacts. This paper focuses on the importance of extraction of building characteristics from remote ...
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The analysis of flood impacts on buildings in large areas require both a building typology and a method to calculate its physical impacts. This paper focuses on the importance of extraction of building characteristics from remote sensing data in areas where the characterisation of the building structure is lacking. A comprehensive description of a number of building parameters which are necessary for deriving a building typology in the context of flood vulnerability assessment is given. This paper briefly summarises different methods for the extraction of those parameters from remote sensing and GIS analyses. Finally, the application of the extraction of the parameters on one set of data is shown, concluding some advantages of this approach for further analysis of flood damages.
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In many parts of the world, building energy codes (or regulations) have been the policy instrument of choice to drive improvements in building energy efficiency. Originally conceived to raise the minimum standard for new buildings...
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In many parts of the world, building energy codes (or regulations) have been the policy instrument of choice to drive improvements in building energy efficiency. Originally conceived to raise the minimum standard for new buildings, codes have been extended to existing buildings, particularly when a building is undergoing a substantial extension or renovation. However, there is increasing need to improve existing building energy performance much more rapidly than seems possible through this means, so a new policy lever, building performance standards, or minimum energy performance standards, is being adopted in a number of jurisdictions. These policies require existing buildings to meet a performance benchmark, generally an energy performance rating, or a level of energy or carbon intensity, often giving building owners multiple years to meet them. There are a variety of implementation issues and challenges with both codes and performance standards, and different approaches are being tested in various national and sub-national jurisdictions around the world. This paper reviews the state of play with these, compares the issues and benefits of different policy approaches, and summarizes where different approaches may fit best.
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The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief of overview of building failures and building defects definitions with various terms from the previous researches and also to redefine the understanding of these definitions within t...
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The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief of overview of building failures and building defects definitions with various terms from the previous researches and also to redefine the understanding of these definitions within the context of building maintenance management domain. Therefore, this article presents the insight of previous definition of building failures and building defects and provides their respective understanding in various aspects. It then provides the detail discussion on the building failures and defects definitions, understanding causes and effects in term of building maintenance management perspective. All the related onformatin has been gathered through secondary resources such as journal article, text book, report and others. The information and knowledge on the subject of building failures and building defects help in producing the building design with reliable, maintainability, and supporting for future building maintenance and building improvement. Finally, this paper has successed in describing a clear explanation regarding to the meaning of building failures and building defects.
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摘要 :
The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief of overview of building failures and building defects definitions with various terms from the previous researches and also to redefine the understanding of these definitions within t...
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The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief of overview of building failures and building defects definitions with various terms from the previous researches and also to redefine the understanding of these definitions within the context of building maintenance management domain. Therefore, this article presents the insight of previous definition of building failures and building defects and provides their respective understanding in various aspects. It then provides the detail discussion on the building failures and defects definitions, understanding causes and effects in term of building maintenance management perspective. All the related onformatin has been gathered through secondary resources such as journal article, text book, report and others. The information and knowledge on the subject of building failures and building defects help in producing the building design with reliable, maintainability, and supporting for future building maintenance and building improvement. Finally, this paper has successed in describing a clear explanation regarding to the meaning of building failures and building defects.
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In order to achieve long-term targets for energy savings and emissions reductions, substantial savings will be needed from existing buildings. For example, a recent analysis for the U.S. examines aggressive strategies to cut carbo...
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In order to achieve long-term targets for energy savings and emissions reductions, substantial savings will be needed from existing buildings. For example, a recent analysis for the U.S. examines aggressive strategies to cut carbon emissions in half by 2040 and finds that is order to achieve this emissions reduction target, more than half of existing buildings will need comprehensive energy efficiency retrofits. Germany is targeting an overall primary energy consumption reduction of 50 % in 2050 including increasing building renovation rate to 2 % per year. In France, ambitious targets have also been set for existing buildings: 50 % reduction of primary energy consumption in 2050 compared to 2012 level. Multiple countries have realized the importance of comprehensive building retrofits and have begun to adopt policies to spur these improvements. For example, Germany is emphasizing grants and loans through the KfW development bank, complemented with building and heating system labels, a new "heating check" programme and possible technical renovation requirements. France has established a goal of bringing all buildings up to "A" performance level (on their A-G scale) by 2050 in order for them to be sold or leased, with lower performance levels required as soon as 2020. In the U.S., the focus has been on a combination of rating and disclosure of energy use, financing, and technical assistance. Focused community approaches show promise. This paper summarizes the efforts, successes and challenges, future directions and savings of building retrofit policies in the three countries. We conclude by contrasting the three countries and discussing areas of opportunity for these and other countries.
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摘要 :
In order to achieve long-term targets for energy savings and emissions reductions, substantial savings will be needed from existing buildings. For example, a recent analysis for the U.S. examines aggressive strategies to cut carbo...
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In order to achieve long-term targets for energy savings and emissions reductions, substantial savings will be needed from existing buildings. For example, a recent analysis for the U.S. examines aggressive strategies to cut carbon emissions in half by 2040 and finds that is order to achieve this emissions reduction target, more than half of existing buildings will need comprehensive energy efficiency retrofits. Germany is targeting an overall primary energy consumption reduction of 50 % in 2050 including increasing building renovation rate to 2 % per year. In France, ambitious targets have also been set for existing buildings: 50 % reduction of primary energy consumption in 2050 compared to 2012 level. Multiple countries have realized the importance of comprehensive building retrofits and have begun to adopt policies to spur these improvements. For example, Germany is emphasizing grants and loans through the KfW development bank, complemented with building and heating system labels, a new "heating check" programme and possible technical renovation requirements. France has established a goal of bringing all buildings up to "A" performance level (on their A-G scale) by 2050 in order for them to be sold or leased, with lower performance levels required as soon as 2020. In the U.S., the focus has been on a combination of rating and disclosure of energy use, financing, and technical assistance. Focused community approaches show promise. This paper summarizes the efforts, successes and challenges, future directions and savings of building retrofit policies in the three countries. We conclude by contrasting the three countries and discussing areas of opportunity for these and other countries.
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An integral part of the economic and financial mechanism, taxation means, on the one hand, the collection of resources to the state budget, but also a legal relationship between a debtor and a creditor, including their correlation...
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An integral part of the economic and financial mechanism, taxation means, on the one hand, the collection of resources to the state budget, but also a legal relationship between a debtor and a creditor, including their correlation rights and obligations. The determinants of budgetary revenues refer to the subjects of taxation, the object of taxation, the unit of taxation, the tax rate, the rights and obligations of the debtors, their liability, as well as the payment terms. Building tax is an annual tax due to the local budget of the administrative-territorial units in which the building is located by its owners. Therefore, subjects of taxation are those who own a building located on the territory of Romania, with certain exceptions regulated by the Fiscal Code. For residential buildings and annex buildingsowned by individuals, the building tax is calculated by applying a rate between 0.08% and 0.2% on the taxable value of the building. For non-residential buildingsowned by individuals, the tax is calculated by applying a rate between 0.2% and 1.3% on the taxable amount of the building. For mixed-purpose buildings owned by individuals, the tax is calculated by adding together the tax calculated for the area used for residential purposes with the tax determined for the area used for non-residential purposes. For residential buildings owned or held by legal entities, the tax or the building tax is calculated by applying a rate between 0.08% and 0.2% on the taxable value of the buildings; and for non-residential buildings the tax or tax on buildings is calculated by applying a rate between 0.2% and 1.3% inclusive of the taxable value of the building.
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