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This paper presents the design and development of unrestricted text to speech synthesis (TTS) system in Bengali language. Unrestricted TTS system is capable to synthesize good quality of speech in different domains. In this work, ...
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This paper presents the design and development of unrestricted text to speech synthesis (TTS) system in Bengali language. Unrestricted TTS system is capable to synthesize good quality of speech in different domains. In this work, syllables are used as basic units for synthesis. Festival framework has been used for building the TTS system. Speech collected from a female artist is used as speech corpus. Initially five speakers' speech is collected and a prototype TTS is built from each of the five speakers. Best speaker among the five is selected through subjective and objective evaluation of natural and synthesized waveforms. Then development of unrestricted TTS is carried out by addressing the issues involved at each stage to produce good quality synthesizer. Evaluation is carried out in four stages by conducting objective and subjective listening tests on synthesized speech. At the first stage, TTS system is built with basic festival framework. In the following stages, additional features are incorporated into the system and quality of synthesis is evaluated. The subjective and objective measures indicate that the proposed features and methods have im- proved the quality of the synthesized speech from stage-2 to stage-4.
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Text-to-Speech Synthesis (TTS) is an active area of research to generate synthetic speech from underlying text. The identified syllables are uttered with proper duration and prosody characteristics to emulate natural speech. It fa...
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Text-to-Speech Synthesis (TTS) is an active area of research to generate synthetic speech from underlying text. The identified syllables are uttered with proper duration and prosody characteristics to emulate natural speech. It falls under the category of Natural Language Processing (NLP), which aims to bridge the gap in communication between human and machine. So far as Western languages like English are concerned, the research to produce intelligent and natural synthetic speech has advanced considerably. But in a multilingual state like India, many regional languages viz. Malayalam is underexplored when it comes to NLP. In this article, we try to amalgamate the major research works performed in the area of TTS in English and the prominent Indian languages, with a special emphasis on the South Indian language, Malayalam. This review intends to provide right direction to the research activities in the language, in the area of TTS.
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Austr?ttborgen is one of the last manor houses built in the so-called ?adelsveldet? under Denmark-Norway. The pyramid, the remains of a rectangular pond and several axes in the landscape point to a comprehensive manor landscape th...
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Austr?ttborgen is one of the last manor houses built in the so-called ?adelsveldet? under Denmark-Norway. The pyramid, the remains of a rectangular pond and several axes in the landscape point to a comprehensive manor landscape that was established around the 1650s. This article aims to give new insight into the history of the gardens and park of Austr?tt and to contribute to a better understanding of the 17th century garden art in Denmark-Norway.
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Thyroid hormones and capillary zone electrophoresis are rarely studied in reptile medicine.
The goal of this prospective study was to establish RIs for plasma proteins and thyroid hormones, total tetraiodothyronine (tT4), free T4 (fT4), total triiodothyronine (tT3), and free T3 (fT3), as well as iodine blood levels in red‐eared sliders (
Trachemys scripta elegans
) and map turtles (
Graptemys
spp.).
Variables were measured over 1 ? years to determine variations depending on sex and season, as well as any correlations between the parameters. A total of 131 blood samples from red‐eared sliders and 51 blood samples from map turtles were collected from May 2016 to November 2017. The levels of tT4, fT4, and fT3 were measured using standardized autoanalyzer test systems; tT3 was measured by ELISA and iodine inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Total protein was quantitated using the biuret method, and plasma protein fractions were measured using capillary zone electrophoresis.
The results showed significant variations in thyroid hormone levels and plasma protein fractions depending on sex and season. Total T4 and fT4 concentrations were significantly (
P
?<?.05) correlated in both turtle species and sexes in all seasons. Thyroid hormone levels correlated with blood proteins in a few seasons, including a positive correlation between tT4 and fT4 in female red‐eared sliders in fall and female map turtles in summer and fall.
This study demonstrates the importance of considering species, season, and sex variations when interpreting thyroid hormone and plasma protein levels. It also shows that thyroid hormone levels are not always influenced by total protein and albumin.
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Infection with Torque teno viruses (TTVs) is not restricted to humans. Different domestic and wild animal species are naturally infected with species-specific TTVs worldwide. Due to the global spread of the infection, it is likely...
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Infection with Torque teno viruses (TTVs) is not restricted to humans. Different domestic and wild animal species are naturally infected with species-specific TTVs worldwide. Due to the global spread of the infection, it is likely that essentially all animals are naturally infected with species-specific TTVs, and that co-evolution of TTVs with their hosts probably occurred. Although TTVs are potentially related to many diseases, the evidence of the widespread infection in healthy human and nonhuman hosts raised doubts about their pathogenic potential. Nonetheless, their role as superimposed agents of other diseases or as triggers for impairment of immune surveillance is currently under debate. The possible contribution of animal TT viruses to interspecies transmission and their role as zoonotic agents are currently topics of discussion.
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Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) is characterised by transient regional wall motion abnormalities of the left or right ventricles often associated with new ECG changes (including ST-segment elevations, ST-segment depressions, T-wave inver...
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Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) is characterised by transient regional wall motion abnormalities of the left or right ventricles often associated with new ECG changes (including ST-segment elevations, ST-segment depressions, T-wave inversions and QTc prolongation) in the absence of a culprit atherosclerotic artery which could explain the ventricular dysfunction. In this article we present an unusual case of recurrent TTS following electrical cardioversion in a 61 year old female patient who was admitted to our unit.
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Abstract Purpose To determine the reliability and diagnostic accuracy of tibial tubercle–trochlear groove (TT–TG) distance versus tibial tubercle–posterior cruciate ligament (TT–PCL) distance, and to determine cutoff values of...
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Abstract Purpose To determine the reliability and diagnostic accuracy of tibial tubercle–trochlear groove (TT–TG) distance versus tibial tubercle–posterior cruciate ligament (TT–PCL) distance, and to determine cutoff values of these measurements for pathological diagnosis in the context of patellar instability.Methods Three databases MEDLINE, PubMed and EMBASE were searched from inception to October 5, 2022 for literature outlining comparisons between TT–TG and TT–PCL in patellar instability patients. The authors adhered to the PRISMA and R-AMSTAR guidelines as well as the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Data on inter-rater and intra-rater reliability, receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve parameters such as area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity and specificity, as well as odds ratios, cutoff values for pathological diagnosis and correlations between TT–TG and TT–PCL were recorded. The MINORS score was used for all studies in order to perform a quality assessment of included studies.Results A total of 23 studies comprising 2839 patients (2922 knees) were included in this review. Inter-rater reliability ranged from 0.71 to 0.98 and 0.55 to 0.99 for TT–TG and TT–PCL, respectively. Intra-rater reliability ranged from 0.74 to 0.99 and 0.88 to 0.98 for TT–TG and TT–PCL, respectively. AUC measuring diagnostic accuracy of patellar instability for TT–TG ranged from 0.80 to 0.84 and 0.58 to 0.76 for TT–PCL. Five studies found TT–TG to have more discriminatory power than TT–PCL at distinguishing patients with patellar instability from patients who do not. Sensitivity and specificity ranged from 21 to 85% and 62 to 100%, respectively, for TT–TG. Sensitivity and specificity ranged from 30 to 76% and 46 to 86%, respectively, for TT–PCL. Odds ratio values ranged from 1.06 to 14.02 for TT–TG and 0.98 to 6.47 for TT–PCL. Proposed cutoff TT–TG and TT–PCL values for predicting patellar instability ranged from 15.0 to 21.4?mm and 19.8 to 28.0?mm, respectively. Eight studies reported significant positive correlations between TT–TG and TT–PCL.Conclusion TT–TG resulted in overall similar reliability, sensitivity and specificity as TT–PCL; however, TT–TG has better diagnostic accuracy than TT–PCL in the context of patellar instability as per AUC and odds ratio values.Level of evidence Level IV.
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Purpose The purpose of this retrospective cross-sectional case-control study was to evaluate an alternative imaging test for lateralization of the tibial tuberosity, unbiased towards knee rotation. Methods On axial CT images of 12...
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Purpose The purpose of this retrospective cross-sectional case-control study was to evaluate an alternative imaging test for lateralization of the tibial tuberosity, unbiased towards knee rotation. Methods On axial CT images of 129 knees, classified as cases (two or more patellar luxations) and controls (no patellar luxations), two raters gauged the standard tibial tuberosity-trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance, tibial tuberosity-femoral intercondylar midpoint (TT-FIM) distance, and new tibial tuberosity-tibial intercondylar midpoint (TT-TIM) distance singly, and knee longitudinal rotation angles (LRAs), and the presence of femoral trochlear dysplasia (FTD) jointly. Results All imaging tests intercorrelated and discriminated between stability groups. TT-TIM had the lowest values with the highest precision. Though poorly, TT-TG and TT-FIM negatively correlated with age and LRAs regarding femur, but positively with presence of FTD, whereas TT-TIM was unbiased. The accuracy of TT-TG (> 20 mm), TT-FIM (> 20 mm), and TT-TIM (> 13 mm) was good with almost perfect reproducibility. Only TT-TIM was sex-biased (p= 0.009), with > 12 mm cut-off in females and (presumably) > 14 mm in males. Conclusion TT-TIM is an alternative imaging test for lateralization of the tibial tuberosity, unbiased towards knee rotation.
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Concatenative synthesis and statistical synthesis are the two main approaches to text-to-speech (TTS) synthesis. Concatenative TTS (CTTS) stores natural speech features segments, selected from a recorded speech database. Consequen...
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Concatenative synthesis and statistical synthesis are the two main approaches to text-to-speech (TTS) synthesis. Concatenative TTS (CTTS) stores natural speech features segments, selected from a recorded speech database. Consequently, CTTS systems enable speech synthesis with natural quality. However, as the footprint of the stored data is reduced, desired segments are not always available in the stored data, and audible discontinuities may result. On the other hand, statistical TTS (STTS) systems, in spite of having a smaller footprint than CTTS, synthesize speech that is free of such discontinuities. Yet, in general, STTS produces lower quality speech than CTTS, in terms of naturalness, as it is often sounding muffled. The muffling effect is due to over-smoothing of model-generated speech features. In order to gain from the advantages of each of the two approaches, we propose in this work to combine CTTS and STTS into a hybrid TTS (HTTS) system. Each utterance representation in HTTS is constructed from natural segments and model generated segments in an interweaved fashion via a hybrid dynamic path algorithm. Reported listening tests demonstrate the validity of the proposed approach.
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Flavonoids are secondary metabolites that fulfil a multitude of functions during the plant life cycle. In Arabidopsis proanthocyanidins (PAs) are flavonoids that specifically accumulate in the innermost integuments of the seed tes...
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Flavonoids are secondary metabolites that fulfil a multitude of functions during the plant life cycle. In Arabidopsis proanthocyanidins (PAs) are flavonoids that specifically accumulate in the innermost integuments of the seed testa (i.e. endothelium), as well as in the chalaza and micropyle areas, and play a vital role in protecting the embryo against various biotic and abiotic stresses. PAs accumulation in the endothelium requires the activity of the MADS box transcription factor TRANSPARENT TESTA (TT) 16 (ARABIDOPSIS B-SISTER/AGAMOUS-LIKE 32) and the UDP-glycosyltransferase TT15 (UGT80B1). Interestingly tt16 and tt15 mutants display a very similar flavonoid profiles and patterns of PA accumulation. By using a combination of genetic, molecular, biochemical, and histochemical methods, we showed that both TT16 and TT15 act upstream the PA biosynthetic pathway, but through two distinct genetic routes. We also demonstrated that the activity of TT16 in regulating cell fate determination and PA accumulation in the endothelium is required in the chalaza prior to the globular stage of embryo development. Finally this study provides new insight showing that TT16 and TT15 functions extend beyond PA biosynthesis in the inner integuments of the Arabidopsis seed coat.
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