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Speakers vary their speech rate considerably during a conversation, and listeners are able to quicklyadapt to these variations in speech rate. Adaptation to fast speech rates is usually measured usingartificially time-compressed s...
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Speakers vary their speech rate considerably during a conversation, and listeners are able to quicklyadapt to these variations in speech rate. Adaptation to fast speech rates is usually measured usingartificially time-compressed speech. This study examined adaptation to two types of fast speech:artificially time-compressed speech and natural fast speech. Listeners performed a speeded sentenceverification task on three series of sentences: normal-speed sentences, time-compressed sentences,and natural fast sentences. Listeners were divided into two groups to evaluate the possibility oftransfer of learning between the time-compressed and natural fast conditions. The first groupverified the natural fast before the time-compressed sentences, while the second verified thetime-compressed before the natural fast sentences. The results showed transfer of learning when thetime-compressed sentences preceded the natural fast sentences, but not when natural fast sentencespreceded the time-compressed sentences. The results are discussed in the framework of theories onperceptual learning. Second, listeners show adaptation to the natural fast sentences, but performancefor this type of fast speech does not improve to the level of time-compressed sentences.
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Sentencing for multiple offences poses many challenges and becomes even more complex when the crimes resulted in fatalities. This article uses the sentences imposed following convictions in the Essex lorry case to pose some genera...
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Sentencing for multiple offences poses many challenges and becomes even more complex when the crimes resulted in fatalities. This article uses the sentences imposed following convictions in the Essex lorry case to pose some general questions about the sentencing of multiple victim manslaughters. The four principal offenders were convicted of 39 counts of unlawful act manslaughter and conspiracy to facilitate unlawful immigration into the UK. The analysis identifies several ways in which the sentences ultimately imposed failed to adequately distinguish between offenders of very different levels of culpability. First, all four principal offenders were assigned to the same level of culpability in the manslaughter guideline. Second, although the court could have distinguished the offenders to reflect their different culpability levels, the same Starting Point sentence was imposed on all offenders. Third, the sentencing uplifts to reflect the multiple counts were similar across offenders of very different culpabilities. Fourth, the differential additional punishments for the conspiracy conviction — which would have separated the offenders’ time in custody further — were washed out by being made concurrent. As a result of these decisions, the final sentences failed to adequately distinguish between offenders of very different culpabilities. The article concludes with some lessons for sentencing in these cases, specifically with respect to the Sentencing Council’s guidelines.
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Anthony Doob has documented the evolution of knowledge about sentencing and sentencing policy in Canada since the 1970s, and the social, attitudinal, and psychological forces that influenced them. Except for the enactment, in 1996...
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Anthony Doob has documented the evolution of knowledge about sentencing and sentencing policy in Canada since the 1970s, and the social, attitudinal, and psychological forces that influenced them. Except for the enactment, in 1996, of a statute specifying general purposes of sentencing and the enactment of mandatory minimum sentencing laws of limited scope, not much has happened in Canada. By contrast, enormous numbers of changes in law, policy, and practice have occurred in the United States, with mostly negative effects in terms of diminution of justice, crowded prisons, unprecedented imprisonment rates, and worsened racial disparities. Americans would have benefitted from something like Canadian inertia. Canadians have little that is positive and much that is negative to learn from the American sentencing reform experience.
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The four appellants, together with two other individuals, were convicted of various trafficking offences after a trial at the Crown Court at South-wark. Paean was convicted of trafficking a girl called Martina into the UK for sexu...
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The four appellants, together with two other individuals, were convicted of various trafficking offences after a trial at the Crown Court at South-wark. Paean was convicted of trafficking a girl called Martina into the UK for sexual exploitation and was sentenced to 11 years' imprisonment. Facuna and Doci were convicted of the same offence and were given the same sentence. Arslan pleaded guilty to two counts of keeping a brothel for prostitution and was convicted by the jury of controlling a prostitute for gain (a woman called Raza), trafficking Martina into the UK for sexual exploitation and controlling Martina as a child prostitute.
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Defendant causing death of three boys by dangerous driving-Judge imposing concurrent sentences but calculating length of sentence by reference to consecutive sentences for each death-Whether judge applying right criteria-Discount ...
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Defendant causing death of three boys by dangerous driving-Judge imposing concurrent sentences but calculating length of sentence by reference to consecutive sentences for each death-Whether judge applying right criteria-Discount for guilty pleas-Road Traffic Offenders Act 1988 Sch.2 Pt1.
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This study analyzes the relationship between race/ethnicity and sentencing outcomes for female drug offenders in Florida. Grounded in the focal concerns perspective, the research examines whether, in the specific case of drug offe...
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This study analyzes the relationship between race/ethnicity and sentencing outcomes for female drug offenders in Florida. Grounded in the focal concerns perspective, the research examines whether, in the specific case of drug offenders, minority women are treated more harshly than White women. Interaction models are estimated to determine the influence of drug offense type on racial and ethnic sentencing disparities. Differences in sentencing outcomes are also examined following significant policy changes in the state. In general, the findings suggest that minority female drug offenders are disadvantaged at both the incarceration and sentence length decisions. It also appears that perceptions of dangerousness associated with female offenders' race/ethnicity and offense are incorporated into sentencing authorities' patterned responses. That is, the level of disparity between Black, Hispanic, and White females is conditioned by type of drug offense in the interaction models. The changes in sentencing policy also impact the role of race and ethnicity in sentencing decisions. By analyzing drug offenders exclusively, the current study clarifies the role of race in sentencing decisions for females. In contrast to prior research that examined all offense categories together, the current study suggests that for drug offenses, minority females may, in fact, be deemed more dangerous and culpable than White female drug offenders.
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The task of retrieving the theme of a document and presenting a shorter form compared to the original text to the user is a challenging assignment. In this article, a hybrid approach to extract knowledge from a text document is pr...
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The task of retrieving the theme of a document and presenting a shorter form compared to the original text to the user is a challenging assignment. In this article, a hybrid approach to extract knowledge from a text document is presented, in which three key sentence level relationships in association with the Markov clustering algorithm is used to cluster sentences in the document. After clustering, sentences are ranked in each cluster and the highest ranked sentences in each cluster are merged. In the end, to get the final theme of the document, the Gradient boosting technique XGboost is used to compress the newly generated sentence. The DUC-2002 data set is used to evaluate the proposed system and it has been observed that the performance of the proposed system is better than other existing systems.
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In this paper I discuss one property of specificational copular sentences and pseudo-clefts, the apparent reversibility of the order of their two major constituents. In English, this manifests itself in reversible surface word ord...
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In this paper I discuss one property of specificational copular sentences and pseudo-clefts, the apparent reversibility of the order of their two major constituents. In English, this manifests itself in reversible surface word order. It has been argued in the literature that reversibility in specificational pseudoclefts does not indicate reversibility in the syntax, meaning that the two word orders are not derivationally related (den Dikken et al. 2000). In copular sentences, on the other hand, the reversal of the order is generally argued to be the result of inversion in the syntax. Copular sentences and pseudoclefts in Wolof provide us with the opportunity to observe a part of their derivational history, as the focused referential expression A'-moves to Spec,CP, with the other element being topicalized. A'-extraction in Wolof is morphosyntactically marked on the complementizer, which exhibits a subject/non-subject asymmetry, and therefore reveals whether an element has moved there from SpecJP or another position. This straightforward diagnostic shows that in specificational pseudoclefts either of the two constituents, the FR or the NP, can in fact raise to SpecJP, contra the claim in den Dikken et al. (2000) for English. The same kind of reversibility is not found in specificational copular sentences; specifically, only the non-referential expression can move to SpecJP. The focused NP, which is extracted to Spec,CP, cannot move there from Spec, IP.
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Recent evidence from adult pronoun comprehension suggests that semantic factors such as verb transitivity affect referent salience and thereby anaphora resolution. We tested whether the same semantic factors influence pronoun comp...
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Recent evidence from adult pronoun comprehension suggests that semantic factors such as verb transitivity affect referent salience and thereby anaphora resolution. We tested whether the same semantic factors influence pronoun comprehension in young children. In a visual world study, 3-yearolds heard stories that began with a sentence containing either a high or a low transitivity verb. Looking behaviour to pictures depicting the subject and object of this sentence was recorded as children listened to a subsequent sentence containing a pronoun. Children showed a stronger preference to look to the subject as opposed to the object antecedent in the low transitivity condition. In addition there were general preferences (1) to look to the subject.
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Owing to the tremendous increase in the number and the length of the text documents, there is a need to locate the needed information in large set of text documents. Locating desired information finds its application in tasks such...
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Owing to the tremendous increase in the number and the length of the text documents, there is a need to locate the needed information in large set of text documents. Locating desired information finds its application in tasks such as information retrieval, question answering, event extraction, etc. The basic operation required to do the above is finding how similar the sentences are in a particular context. This manuscript explains a feature-based machine learning approach to find the semantic similarity between a pair of short sentences. It includes the features such as string match, part of speech, word sense, length difference, negation and modality, etc. Our approach employs dissimilarity features and similarity features to detect sentence similarity.
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