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Moral responsibility for outcomes in corporate settings can be ascribed either to the individual members, the corporation, or both. In the latter case, the relationship between individual and corporate responsibility has been appr...
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Moral responsibility for outcomes in corporate settings can be ascribed either to the individual members, the corporation, or both. In the latter case, the relationship between individual and corporate responsibility has been approached as inversely proportional, such that an increase in individual responsibility leads to a corresponding decrease in corporate responsibility and vice versa. In this article, we develop a non-proportionate approach, where, under specific conditions, individual and corporate moral responsibilities interact dynamically, leading to a mutual enhancement of responsibility: the more the corporation is responsible, the more the individuals become responsible and vice versa. We develop this mutually enhancing approach in terms of normative ascriptions of responsibility, while leaving aside empirical implications in terms of mutual awareness of responsibility between individuals and corporations. We explore conceptually the conditions and mechanisms that generate this mutual enhancement and also discuss the implications for research and practice.
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Recent work indicates that healthy younger adults can prepare accurate responses faster than their voluntary reaction times would suggest, leaving a seemingly unnecessary delay of 80-100 ms before responding. Here, we examined how...
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Recent work indicates that healthy younger adults can prepare accurate responses faster than their voluntary reaction times would suggest, leaving a seemingly unnecessary delay of 80-100 ms before responding. Here, we examined how the preparation of movements, initiation of movements, and the delay between them are affected by aging. Participants made planar reaching movements in two conditions. The "free reaction time" condition assessed the voluntary reaction times with which participants responded to the appearance of a stimulus. The "forced reaction time" condition assessed the minimum time actually needed to prepare accurate movements by controlling the time allowed for movement preparation. The time taken to both initiate movements in the free reaction time and to prepare movements in the forced response condition increased with age. Notably, the time required to prepare accurate movements was significantly shorter than participants' self-selected initiation times; however, the delay between movement preparation and initiation remained consistent across the lifespan (～90 ms). These results indicate that the slower reaction times of healthy older adults are not due to an increased hesitancy to respond, but can instead be attributed to changes in their ability to process stimuli and prepare movements accordingly, consistent with age-related changes in brain structure and function.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Previous research argues that older adults have slower response times because they hesitate to react, favoring accuracy over speed. The present results challenge this proposal. We found the delay between the minimum time required to prepare movements and the self-selected time at which they initiated remained consistent at ～90 ms from ages 21 to 80. We therefore suggest older adults' slower response times can be attributed to changes in their ability to process stimuli and prepare movements.
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Most existing consumer response models explain consumer response processes in a simplistic linear and sequential manner (Strong 1925; Lavidge & Steiner 1961; Rogers 1962; McGuire 1978; Ray 1973; Smith & Swinyard 1982; Vaughn 1980; Petty & Cacioppo 1983; Preston 1982; Moriar...
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Most existing consumer response models explain consumer response processes in a simplistic linear and sequential manner (Strong 1925; Lavidge & Steiner 1961; Rogers 1962; McGuire 1978; Ray 1973; Smith & Swinyard 1982; Vaughn 1980; Petty & Cacioppo 1983; Preston 1982; Moriarty, Mitchell and Wells 2008), ignoring variables or factors which could alter the response process order. Although various theorists criticised existing consumer response models mainly because of this (Belch & Belch 2001; Hanekom 2006; Hanekom, Barker & Angelopulo 2007; Moriarty et al. 2008; Del Barrio-Garcia & Luque-Martinez 2003; Mortimer 2002; Wu [sa]; Bendixen 1993; Wilmshurst 1985), no efforts have been made to develop a conceptual model to address these limitations. The main objective of this article is, therefore, to develop an integrated conceptual model for the internal consumer response process through a comprehensive qualitative literature review and theoretical analysis of existing advertising response models. This model integrates existing and original consumer response levels and phases, and appends specific variables to each response level that influence the manner in which consumers internally proceed through the diverse response processes. Furthermore, the proposed model will allow the execution of more specific objectives which include (a) to propose a paradigm shift from advertising consumer response models to integrated marketing communication response models; (b) to systematise existing consumer response models by arranging them into three proposed paradigms, based on their focal aim; and (c) to develop an integrated marketing communication internal consumer response model, depicting eight internal consumer response levels, consisting of diverse internal consumer response phases.
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Comparative phenotype and transcriptome analyses were performed with Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579 exposed to pH 5.5 set with different acidulants including hydrochloric acid (HCl), lactic acid (HL) and acetic acid (HAc). Phenotypes ...
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Comparative phenotype and transcriptome analyses were performed with Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579 exposed to pH 5.5 set with different acidulants including hydrochloric acid (HCl), lactic acid (HL) and acetic acid (HAc). Phenotypes observed included a decreased growth rate (with HCl), bacteriostatic and bactericidal conditions, with 2 mM undissociated HAc or HL, and 15 mM undissociated HAc, respectively. In the latter condition a concomitant decrease in intracellular ATP levels was observed. The transcriptome analyses revealed general and specific responses to the acidulants used. The general acid stress response includes modulation of pyruvate metabolism with activation of the butanediol fermentation pathway, and an oxidative stress response that was, however, more extensive in the bacteriostatic and bactericidal conditions. HL-specific and HAc-specific responses include modulation of metabolic pathways for amino acid metabolism. Activation of lactate, formate, and ethanol fermentation pathways, alternative electron-transport chain components and fatty acid biosynthesis genes was noted in the presence of 15 mM undissociated HAc. In conclusion, our study has provided insights in phenotype-associated, and general and acidulant-specific responses in B. cereus.
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Comparative phenotype and transcriptome analyses were performed with Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579 exposed to pH 5.5 set with different acidulants including hydrochloric acid (HCl), lactic acid (HL) and acetic acid (HAc). Phenotypes ...
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Comparative phenotype and transcriptome analyses were performed with Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579 exposed to pH 5.5 set with different acidulants including hydrochloric acid (HCl), lactic acid (HL) and acetic acid (HAc). Phenotypes observed included a decreased growth rate (with HCl), bacteriostatic and bactericidal conditions, with 2 mM undissociated HAc or HL, and 15 mM undissociated HAc, respectively. In the latter condition a concomitant decrease in intracellular ATP levels was observed. The transcriptome analyses revealed general and specific responses to the acidulants used. The general acid stress response includes modulation of pyruvate metabolism with activation of the butanediol fermentation pathway, and an oxidative stress response that was, however, more extensive in the bacteriostatic and bactericidal conditions. HL-specific and HAc-specific responses include modulation of metabolic pathways for amino acid metabolism. Activation of lactate, formate, and ethanol fermentation pathways, alternative electron-transport chain components and fatty acid biosynthesis genes was noted in the presence of 15 mM undissociated HAc. In conclusion, our study has provided insights in phenotype-associated, and general and acidulant-specific responses in B. cereus.
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Antigen-presenting autologous dendritic cells (ADCs), primed with antigen, have been used in immunotherapy. We evaluated ADCs for treatment of chronic hepatitis B (CHB). ADCs were administered to 380 CHB patients. Virological, bio...
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Antigen-presenting autologous dendritic cells (ADCs), primed with antigen, have been used in immunotherapy. We evaluated ADCs for treatment of chronic hepatitis B (CHB). ADCs were administered to 380 CHB patients. Virological, biochemical, and serological responses were evaluated in each patient over the course of 48 weeks. Undetectable levels of HBV DNA were reported in 46.36% of patients negative for the hepatitis B "e" antigen (HBeAg) and 3.13% HBeAg-positive patients. Normalization of alanine aminotransferase levels occurred in both HBeAg-positive (P=0.007) and HBeAg-negative (P=0.003) patients. It appears that ADC vaccination effectively reconstructed the immunity and elicited virological, serological, and biochemical improvements in some patients with chronic HBV. No side effects were observed.
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Vertebrates have evolved mechanisms to perceive stressors that arise either from their body or from the environment. Consequently, a state of stress and stress response occur in fish which is characterized by a disturbed physiolog...
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Vertebrates have evolved mechanisms to perceive stressors that arise either from their body or from the environment. Consequently, a state of stress and stress response occur in fish which is characterized by a disturbed physiological homeostasis. The pattern of stress response becomes complex as a result of neuroendocrine involvement and shows varied magnitudes in fishes depending on the nature and the severity of stressors. The integrated and compensatory physiological modifications in fishes during their early phase of adaptive response favor them to accommodate the imposed stressor through the process of stress acclimation. In contrast, with the direction of neuroendocrine signals, a phase of recovery often called post-stress acclimation occurs if the animal gets away from the stressor exposure. During this late phase of adaptive response, physiological modifications operate in favor of the animal that reduces the magnitude of stress response and finally to a phase of normality as animals possess the urge to correct its disrupted homeostasis. The phenomenon of ease and its response thus reduces the allostatic load, resets the homeostatic state through physiologic processes and corrects the stress-induced homeostatic disturbance with the aid of neuroendocrine signals. Ample evidences are now available to support this novel concept of ease and ease response where mitigation of the intensity of stress response occurs physiologically. Treatment of fish with melatonin or serotonin precursor tryptophan can modify the magnitude of stress response as evident in the pattern of tested physiological indices. In addition to cortisol, thyroid hormone as a major stress modifier hormone is involved in the regulation of ease response in fish probably due to the mechanisms involving inter-hormonal interference. Understanding the mechanisms of adaptive responses in vertebrates thus warranties more studies on the physiology of ease and its response. ? 2012 Elsevier Inc.
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An Adaptive and Cost-Based Intrusion Response System (ACBIRS) is presented in this paper. The designed system analyzes alerts from the Intrusion Detection System (IDS) and evaluates the attack cost, based on the probable damage of...
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An Adaptive and Cost-Based Intrusion Response System (ACBIRS) is presented in this paper. The designed system analyzes alerts from the Intrusion Detection System (IDS) and evaluates the attack cost, based on the probable damage of attacks on the protected system. Later on, a response is deployed to thwart the attack and prevent the attacker from reaching his/her goals. The proposed response selection approach is a cost-based method that considers attack features, including type of the attack, severity of the attack, value of targeted host/hosts services, and their data to prioritize alerts. Alerts will be responded with respect to their priorities. The selected responses are based on a measure called Response Merit (RM). The balance between attack damage cost, response cost together with the effectiveness of the response to countermeasure previous attacks determine the RM. In contrast to other Intrusion Response Systems (IRS), ACBIRS not only consists of the attack and response measures but also includes response feedback supervision that is proposed in this paper for the first time. ACBIRS allows responses to be adaptive in changing environments through success and failure assessment of previously deployed responses. Experiments show that ACBIRS can successfully prevent 92% of intrusions with only 3% disruption on benign traffic.
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