摘要 :
Measuring quality of life is currently at the forefront of the various fields of science. In spite of a great interest in quality of life and many attempts to measure it, there is no method of quality of life measurement, which is...
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Measuring quality of life is currently at the forefront of the various fields of science. In spite of a great interest in quality of life and many attempts to measure it, there is no method of quality of life measurement, which is grounded methodologically and accepted generally. Quality of life remains a contested concept, which is measured in different ways: analyzing one or several factors of quality of life (material well-being and GDP per person), using objective and subjective dimensions, creating composite indices. Following works and studies of scientists (Cummins, 1996; Diener & Suh, 1997, 1999; Easterlin, 1974, 1995, 2001; Hagerty et al, 2001; Layard, 2005, 2007; Veenhoven, 2000, 2005, 2009), who have analyzed quality of life and its measurement, the present article examines factors determining quality of life and complexity of their measurement. The article raises questions for discussion: what factors are involved in quality of life? How do they determine the quality of life in a particular country? Furthermore, on the basis of theoretical and empirical studies of quality of life, insights into opportunities for the development and implementation of quality of life studies are presented. A special focus of the present article is on complexity of quality of life measurement, which is primarily dependent of the levels and kinds of quality of life identified in the first part of the article. If studies of quality of life are conducted without having first identified its levels and kinds, this reduces validity and reliability of the results. Factors of quality of life and their groups are presented in the second part. It is important to note that in the scientific literature only premises for the identification and systematization of factors of quality of life and for analyzing their interrelationships are mentioned, while a wide range of quality of life factors and their different classifications only create a great confusion in quality of life research. Theoretical studies of quality of life measurement indicate that the analysis of one or several factors of quality of life fails to do justice to the topic of quality of life measurement. Measurement of quality of life requires systemic approach involving identification of factors of quality of life and determination of their interrelationships. Finally, on the basis of theoretical studies of quality of life and empirical research in this field, factors of quality of life are identified, categorized, and united in a single model. In the model of measurement of quality of life two environments of quality of life are identified - external and internal environment of quality of life. They in turn are divided into four groups of factors, including natural, political, social and economic environments as well as physical, personal developmental, social and material well-beings, which constitute the basis of the theoretical model for measurement of quality of life. The authors of the article believe that the concepts involving multiple criteria, which are determined by several groups of factors, different factors and indicators reflecting them, are best measured by means of indexes.
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This overview article contains information about pyranocoumarins over the last 55 years. The article is based on the authors’ phytochemical and physiological studies in vivo and in vitro as well as search and analysis of data in ...
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This overview article contains information about pyranocoumarins over the last 55 years. The article is based on the authors’ phytochemical and physiological studies in vivo and in vitro as well as search and analysis of data in literature available on Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, and ScienceDirect before January 2022. Pyranocoumarins are synthesized in plants of the Apiaceae, Rutaceae families, and one species in each of the Cornaceae, Calophyllaceae, and Fabaceae families can synthesize this class of compounds. The physiological role of these compounds in plants is not clear. It has been proven that these substances have a wide range of biological activities anti-cancer, anti-spasmatic, and anticoagulant, and they also inhibit erythrocyte lysis and accumulation of triacylglycerides. The overview generalizes the modern understanding of the classification, structure, and biological activity of natural pyranocoumarins, and summarizes dispersed data into a unified scheme of biosynthesis. The review analyzes data on the localization and productivity of these substances in individual organs and the whole plant. It discusses a link between the unique structure of these substances and their biological activity, as well as new opportunities for pyranocoumarins in pharmacology. The article evaluates the potential of different plant species as producers of pyranocoumarins and considers the possibilities of cell cultures to obtain the end product.
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The purpose of the article is to show the directions of development of the regions of the Republic of Uzbekistan by studying the methodological issues of assessing the role of family business in the service sector. A system of ind...
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The purpose of the article is to show the directions of development of the regions of the Republic of Uzbekistan by studying the methodological issues of assessing the role of family business in the service sector. A system of indicators to assess the role of family business in the development of the national economy, especially in the service sector, has also been developed. Using this methodology and on the basis of statistics from the Ministry of Mahalla and Family Support of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the State Statistics Committee, a rating of 17 regions of Samarkand region was formed. According to the results of the rating, the regions are characterized by the development of the service sector. This rating was based on the calculation of the integral index "Development of family entrepreneurship in the service sector", which is a set of various indicators that record the actual state of certain aspects of regional development. When compiling the rating, the set of indicators used was optimized and the method for calculating the integral index was improved. The results confirm that the role of family business in the development of the service sector is important. This is due to the fact that in areas where there are many family businesses, there is a growing trend in the service sector. Thus, it was concluded that there is a direct link between the development of family business and the growth of the service sector. The proposals developed on the basis of these findings were submitted to the Samarkand Regional Department of Economic Development and Poverty Reduction and the Center for Family Entrepreneurship Support.
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В работе кратко рассмотрены особенности создания интеллектуальных систем, при этом жизненный цикл этих систем разделяется н...
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В работе кратко рассмотрены особенности создания интеллектуальных систем, при этом жизненный цикл этих систем разделяется на этапы: идентификация, концептуализация, формализация, выполнение, отладка, опытная эксплуатация. Отмечается, что реальный процесс создания интеллектуальной (экспертной) системы не всегда строго следует приведенному порядку: возможны возвраты на один или несколько этапов назад, повторения этапов, причиной чего является наличие ошибок или недоработок, допущенных на предыдущих этапах и выявляемых только на последующих. Поэтому создание интеллектуальной системы это собой длительный и трудозатратный процесс, сроки завершения которого не всегда возможно прогнозировать в начале разработки. Для описания неуверенности или неполноты знаний экспертов в данной работе используется теория нечетких множеств. Приводится описание интеллектуальной системы ?BridgeTCA? для решения задачи оценки технического состояния мостовых сооружений. Разработанная интеллектуальная система, включающая каскадную базу знаний, интерфейс пользователя, решающий и обучающий компоненты, позволяет накапливать и обрабатывать экспертные знания, принимать решение о техническом состоянии мостового сооружения и необходимых мерах для восстановления долговечности, безопасности и грузоподъемности. Эта интеллектуальная система ?BridgeTCA? прошла апробацию на примере задачи оценки технического состояния 5 мостовых сооружений. Полученные с помощью системы оценки и рекомендации эксперты признали достоверными. В разработанной интеллектуальной системе был применен алгоритм повышения эффективности нечеткого вывода. В зависимости от количества параллельных потоков выполнения было достигнуто сокращение времени, затрачиваемого на нечеткий вывод, на 79-83 %.
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The energies of combustion of single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes were measured by using an isoperibolic micro-combustion calorimeter. The values of the massic energy of combustion in oxygen at T = 298.15 K and pAA = 0...
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The energies of combustion of single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes were measured by using an isoperibolic micro-combustion calorimeter. The values of the massic energy of combustion in oxygen at T = 298.15 K and pAA = 0.1 MPa of the compounds under study were obtained as: (- 27,635.0 +/- 9.5) and (- 32,347.3 +/- 15.3) J g(-1), respectively. The corresponding standard molar enthalpies of formation were derived as: (4.7 +/- 1.3) and (0.8 +/- 0.9) kJ mol(-1), respectively. The used calorimeter to test the compounds was calibrated previously with benzoic acid NIST 39j, salicylic acid and 1,2,4-triazole.
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The analysis of scientific literature allowed us to establish the absence of unified approach to the assessment of severity of the company crisis. The definition of the term “crisis severity degree” was specified and its five-le...
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The analysis of scientific literature allowed us to establish the absence of unified approach to the assessment of severity of the company crisis. The definition of the term “crisis severity degree” was specified and its five-level gradation was offered, namely: absence of the crisis, its light, middle, hard and critical severity degree. From our point of view, this gradation is intuitively comprehensive for all groups of stakeholders, involved in the process of anti-crisis management and most fully characterizes the condition of the company in the aspect of possible anti-crisis arrangements. The three-level hierarchic structure of the types of crisis of the company was offered. The use of hierarchic structure favors the better understanding of the causes of crisis, its results and possible ways out of crisis. The aforesaid is attained by separation of the different types of crisis then the components of these types of crisis are separated and so on. At the same time at each step it is necessary to concentrate attention on understanding of the current element, temporarily abstracting from all other components. At such analysis the whole complexity and severity of the company crisis can be understood. The methodology of determination of the severity degree of the company crisis was elaborated for each level of hierarchy. The diagnostics of the severity degree of the company crisis of the higher level of hierarchy must be realized using the matrix of pair comparison and the severity degrees of crisis must be integrated for each its component based on the laws of economic logic. The matrix of comparison of the severity degrees of the company crisis is recommended to be formed by comparison of two parameters of assessment of the crisis of the low level of hierarchy that allows range the comparable objects in two-dimensional space. The severity degree of financial crisis of the company is offered to be determined taking into account the probability of its bankruptcy and of economic, social and ecological one – by the comparison of the current values of assessment parameters with their base values. The values of pre-crisis period are recommended to be used as the base ones. The approbation of offered methodology of assessment of the severity degree of the company crisis was realized.
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Efficiency of nectar and sugar 124 a kind of plants from 23 families is studied. The kinds producing the greatest quantity of nectar are revealed. Resources of nectar of 31 communities of the Ryazan area are estimated.
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В данной работе рассматриваются четыре этапа жизненного цикла мостового сооружения: проектирование, изготовление, строитель...
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В данной работе рассматриваются четыре этапа жизненного цикла мостового сооружения: проектирование, изготовление, строительство (монтаж), эксплуатация. Отмечается, что этап эксплуатации является самым длительным и составляет десятки лет. Поэтому проблемам длительного обеспечения безопасности и грузоподъемности мостовых сооружений необходимо уделять особое внимание. Далее в работе рассматриваются вопросы обследований мостовых сооружений и обработки полученной информации с целью получения краткого, но емкого заключения о состоянии мостового сооружения. При этом рассмотрены несколько методик обработки информации с целью получения такого заключения. Отмечается важность автоматизация процесса оценки состояния мостового сооружения путем разработки интеллектуальной системы, которая бы позволяла хранить и обрабатывать экспертные знания в данной области. Затем рассматриваются некоторые интеллектуальные (экспертные) системы для проектирования мостовых сооружений, причем упор делается на иностранные разработки. Рассматривается Bridge Design Expert System для проектирования пролетных строений малых и средних мостов, и ряд других экспертных систем. В качестве примера более детально описываются особенности экспертной системы ?Bentley LEAP Bridge Enterprise?, которая широко используется для проектирования малых железобетонных мостов в США, а также экспертная система ?LEAP Bridge Steel? той же фирмы Bentley, позволяющая выполнять проектирование, трехмерное моделирование, расчетный анализ, оценку грузоподъемности металлических мостов.
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Предлагается описание формальных компонентов оценки качества программных средств. Представлены модели программных средств...
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Предлагается описание формальных компонентов оценки качества программных средств. Представлены модели программных средств, качества и метрик программных средств. В качестве формальной основы моделей используются теория категорий и теория графов. В рамках описываемого подхода с помощью модели качества осуществляется концептуальное моделирование понятия качества программных средств и обеспечивается количественная оценка качества с помощью модели метрик.
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В работе отмечается, что классификацией научных направлений теории интеллектуального труда занимался целый ряд исследовате...
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В работе отмечается, что классификацией научных направлений теории интеллектуального труда занимался целый ряд исследователей. Всё многообразие классификаций разделено на две категории – первая рассматривает структуру направлений в зависимости от того, какие науки являются базовыми при формировании конкретного направления. Вторая рассматривает, как взаимосвязаны направления. Отмечается, что теория интеллектуального труда является метанаукой.
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